5. Types of meanings Flashcards
(12-15)
Define types of meanings according to D. Crystal.
Denotative and connotative. The connotative one has a relationship between the language and the personal, emotional state of a speaker.
There’s also textual and contextual meanings.
What is more, cognitive/ideational meanings are mentioned. This type of meanings are focused on a person’s intellectual state.
Define types of meanings according to G. Yule.
There are conceptual and associative types of meanings.
Conceptual covers the concept itself, obviously: needle - thin, sharp, steel, instrument.
Associative is based on associations: needle - painful.
Define types of meanings according to Galperin.
There are logical, contextual and nominal types of meanings.
Logical names features, ideas. For example, board: 1) a piece of wood, 2) a table, <…>
Contextual one depends on the context, due to which the meaning of words might changed. Ex: arise (can mean to get up or revolt)
Nominal nominates objects and mostly refers to proper nouns: Mr. Hope, Mr. Black. It singles out a definite and single object out of a whole class.
Define types of meanings according to A. Akmajian, R. Demers, A. Farmer and R. Harnish.
Linguistic and speaker meanings.
For example, “The door is right behind you” will be perceived differently according to linguistic and speaker types of meanings. Linguistically it indicates the location of the door, but if we interpret it from the speaker point of view, it implies “to leave”.
Define cognitive/ideational meanings and who it got represented by.
Represented by D.Crystal. This type of meanings are focused on a person’s intellectual state.
Define types of meanings according to Ginsburg.
It’s divided into grammatical and lexical ones.
The lexical is divided into denotational and connotational categories.
Denotational makes communication possible.
Connotational has emotive charge and has a stylistic reference.
What’s emotive meaning?
Expresses the emotions of the speaker towards things/events, or simply refers to his emotions as such.
What’s contextual emotive meaning? Bring at least 1 example.
It’s an emotive meaning in a definite context. Example: “Would you like me to pop downstairs and make you a cup of cocoa?”
Define the types of meanings according to the St. Peterburgh school.
Connotative and denotative.
What’s evaluative component? Bring at least 1 example.
It’s subjective, evaluative towards things/events. Ex: “She has not a flirt, not even a coquette”.
Describe expressive component. Bring at least 1 example.
Intensifies the denotative/connotative meanings. Ex.: “He is ever such a clever man”, “I have much time”.
Describe EM and SD. What are those? What do they have in common?
According to Galperin, stylistic device (SD) is a conscious, intentional way of literary use of facts of language.
Aim: to intensify, emotional/logical emphasis.
Stylistic devices are facts of language and should be registered in dictionaries. SD appears in an alien environment and may be slightly/not predictable.
Expressive means (EM) is more predictable than SD.
Both of them are stylistic means.
What’s special about poetry? What’s its most prominent feature?
Ambiguity, which makes it difficult to interpret. But context is the key.
Recall the structure of poetry according to semiotics.
- The signifier (description);
- The signified (the thing);
And there’s a reader trying to work with the gap between the two mentioned above.
