5. Types of meanings

Question 1

Define types of meanings according to D. Crystal.

Answer 1

Denotative and connotative. The connotative one has a relationship between the language and the personal, emotional state of a speaker.
There’s also textual and contextual meanings.
What is more, cognitive/ideational meanings are mentioned. This type of meanings are focused on a person’s intellectual state.

Question 2

Define types of meanings according to G. Yule.

Answer 2

There are conceptual and associative types of meanings.
Conceptual covers the concept itself, obviously: needle - thin, sharp, steel, instrument.
Associative is based on associations: needle - painful.

Question 3

Define types of meanings according to Galperin.

Answer 3

There are logical, contextual and nominal types of meanings.
Logical names features, ideas. For example, board: 1) a piece of wood, 2) a table, <…>
Contextual one depends on the context, due to which the meaning of words might changed.
(UNDER EDIT, NOMINAL IS LACKING)

Question 4

Define types of meanings according to A. Akmajian, R. Demers, A. Farmer and R. Harnish.

Answer 4

Linguistic and speaker meanings.
For example, “The door is right behind you” will be perceived differently according to linguistic and speaker types of meanings. Linguistically it indicates the location of the door, but if we interpret it from the speaker point of view, it implies “to leave”.

Question 5

Define cognitive/ideational meanings and who it got represented by.

Answer 5

Represented by D.Crystal. This type of meanings are focused on a person’s intellectual state.

Question 6

Define types of meanings according to Ginsburg.

Answer 6

It’s divided into grammatical and lexical ones.
The lexical is divided into denotational and connotational categories.
Denotational makes communication possible.
Connotational has emotive charge and has a stylistic reference.