14. Syntactical SD Flashcards
(38-43)
Define syntactical SD groups according to Galperin.
- Positional (word order);
- Accumulative (word/sentence repetitions);
- Qualitative (based on the use of colloquial constructions);
- S.S.D. (syntactic stylistic devices) based on different connections;
- S.S.D. based on the stylistic use of structural meaning.
What’s stylistic inversion?
Any change which doesn’t affect meaning, aiming at emphasis.
What are the most frequent syntactic patterns in Eng. prose/poetry?
Object in the beginning;
Attribute after the word: “With fingers weary and worn”;
Predicate before the subject: “A good generous prayer it was”;
Adverbial modifier at the beginning: “My dearest daughter, at your feet I fall”;
Both modifier and predicate before the subject: “In went Mr. Pickwick”;
List the two types of stylistic inversion. What do you know about them?
Light inversion.
Heavy inversion. Is almost equal to stylistic inversion. For example: “In the room slept Robin fitfully” (S.I.), and “Well in the room slept fitfully… Robin” (H.I.).
What’s suspense?
When the theme and rheme are distanced and new information is withheld.
What’s theme and rheme?
Theme - sets the context.
Rheme - develops/expands it.
Let’s see: “The cat (theme) is sleeping peacefully (rheme)”, “Yesterday (theme), I went to the market (theme)”.
What’s the construction of suspense? What does it do?
subject + embedded clause(s) + predicate
It postpones the completion of the sentence.
What’s detached construction?
The primary part of the sentence is independent. The secondary part might be either distanced or separated with the use of punctuation. The detached part gets its own stress, intonation, and more significance: “She was gone. For good.”, “He came in first [reference], very much flushed [distance], and rather unsteady [the distanced/detached part]”.
What’s attachment?
The secondary part is separated by a full stop and seems like an afterthought: “a lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a Grammar school. And a war memorial…”
What’s parenthetic words/phrases/sentences function?
Creates a second plane, background to the narrative;
Creates mingling voices, different speech parties (polyphony);
What’s antithesis? What’s its etymology?
From Greek “setting opposite”. The opposition is either rhetorical or philosophical.
2 types with 2 subtypes
Define the general types of repetitions.
- Lexical. Is divided into “of the same member” and “synonymic repetition”.
- Syntactical.
9 types
Define the types of repetitions in details.
- Anaphora: a…,a…,a…;
- Epiphora: ….a,…a,…a;
- Framing abca: word (a) repeats at the end;
- Anadiplosis - …a,a…;
- Chain repetition - …a,a…b,b…c,c…;
- Ordinary rep. - …a,…a…,a… (has various positions);
- Successive rep. …a,a,a… (signifies the emotional peak of the speaker);
- Rep. of an abstract syntactical position - relate syntactically, not semantically: “She likes to read, to write, to explore”;
- Synonymic rep. - uses synonyms. Has relations both syntactically and semantically: “She was exhausted, drained, utterly fatigued”;
What’s parallelism?
Has identical or similar syntactical structures or phrases in two or more sentences.
2 types
Define the types of parallelism.
- Partial. Has parallel structures within a single sentence as its clauses: “It was his custom, to make the report, regard the relations he had seen and the news he had heard.
- Complete. Through a number of sentences: “He thought it must be a horrible illusion. He thought he was going mad.”
What’s Chiasmus? What kind of device is it? Syntactical or lexical? What does it sometimes achieve in relation to parallel constructions? What extra type does it have?
Repetition in a reversed order. Sometimes it’s achieved by a sudden change from active voice to passive voice and vise versa.
It’s a syntactical, not lexical device, but there’s another type which could be considered the lexical one - lexical Chiasmus/Chiasmatic repetition: “His jokes were sermons, and his sermons jokes; ‘tis strange, but true; for truth is always strange.”
Chiasmus is sometimes used to break the monotomy of parallel constructions.
What’s another name for climax? Recall its etymology.
It’s another name is gradation.
Greek climax - “ladder”, Lat. gradatio “ascent, climbing up”.
What are the types of climax?
It can be of ascending scale (the grow in intensity) and descending scale (the decrease in intensity).
According to I.Galperin and V.A. Kukharenko, how can the increase in intensity be maintained?
- Logical - every succeeding unit is logically more important than the previous one;
- Emotive - a row of emotive synonyms gradually increase the emotional tention (or just emotive words);
- Quantitative - increase in volume, size or number of each succeeding unit is implied: “They looked at hundreds of horses, they climbed thousands of stars; they inspected innumerable kitchens;
What’s anticlimax? What’s its another name?
It’s another name is bathos. It’s about climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought that beats expectations of the reader;
It expresses a complete semantic reversal of the emphasized idea;
The reverse of climax or defeated expectancy;
Example: “This was appalling - and soon forgotten”
What kind of elements does bathos imply?
[weaker element] + [1(+) strong element(s)], mentioned before.
What effect can anticlimax cause?
A humorous/ironic effect due to the sudden break of logical and emotional importance of the utterance: “Early rise and early to bed makes a male healthy, wealthy and dead”.
