4. Colloquial layer

Question 1

Which types of vulgarisms have more and less degree of vulgarity?

Answer 1

Expletives have less vulgarity, whereas the obscene ones have more.

Question 2

Dialect associated with a certain group of people is called (1)___.

Answer 2

(1) social

Question 3

What’s the difference between slang and jargon?

Answer 3

Slang doesn’t need translation/interpretation, whereas jargon does.

Question 4

Define the special type of slang.

Answer 4

It’s close to jargon, special colloquial words. Examples: to go west (die), a brass head (officer of high rank)

Question 5

Dialect spoken in certain region is called (1)___.

Answer 5

(1) regional

Question 6

(1)___ penetrates immediately in language as soon as it appears.

Answer 6

(1) Slang

Question 7

Which stylistic device has the same function as interjections and why?

Answer 7

Vulgarism, since both of them express emotions

Question 8

What are the types of slangs?

Answer 8

General and special.
The general one is used by most speakers.
The special one is close to jargon, special colloquial words. Examples: army slang: to go west (die), a brass head (officer of high rank);

Question 9

What happens with the previous generation’s slang in relation to the next generation? Bring examples.

Answer 9

One generation’s slang is another generation’s standard vocabulary. Examples: fan (fanatic), phone (telephone), TV (television).

Question 10

Define jargonisms. List everything you know.

Answer 10

1. It’s basically an old word with a new meaning. Examples: hummen (false arrest), manany (from Spanish “tomorrow”, meaning a sailor putting work off for tomorrow);
2. Exists in almost every language;
3. Holds secrecy;

Question 11

Define dialectial words. List everything you know.

Answer 11

1. Has strong flavour of locality. Examples: all the = the only, aside = beside;
2. Includes D.C. dialect, which is prevailed. Examples: “You makin sense, but you don’t be makin sense”;

Question 12

What is graphon? Define the term.

Answer 12

1. It’s intentional graphic violation;
2. Represents blurred, incoherent, careless pronunciation caused by age, intoxication, ignorance, etc.;
3. It individualizes speech, adds memorability;

Question 13

Define Cockney rhyming slang. When was it invented? What was the main cause?

Answer 13

Was invented in the 19th c. by Cockneys, so they could speak freely in front of the police. Examples: apple and pears (stairs), dog and bone (phone).

Question 14

Define vulgarism. List everything you know.

Answer 14

1. Consists of swear words;
2. Has different degrees;
3. Has almost the same function as interjection, since both of them express emotions;
4. It’s not found in any style, except for emotive prose.

Question 15

Does the slang vary? Bring examples.

Answer 15

Yes, it does. It varies from region to region: New York, Los Angeles slangs, etc.

Question 16

Dialect associated with nationality is called (1)___.

Answer 16

(1) ethnic

Question 17

What’s the effect of non-literary vocabulary?

Answer 17

1. Create true-to-life atmosphere;
2. Create informality, intimacy;
3. Create sense of immediate communication with the reader;
4. Create satirical, ironic effect;

Question 18

Which stylistic device is nowhere to be found except for emotive prose?

Answer 18

Vulgarism

Question 19

List types of dialects.

Answer 19

1. Regional. It’s spoken in certain regions;
2. Social. It’s spoken by a certain group of people, based on social-economical class;
3. Ethnic. It’s associated with a nationality: Yiddish Eng. (spoken by Jews), Black Eng., etc.;

Question 20

Define slang. List down everything you know.

Answer 20

1. It’s emotive, vulgar, low, evaluative, stylistic and highly colloquial;
2. Keeps new ideas, customs;
3. Penetrates immediately in language as soon as it appears;
4. Often changes (appears/drops out)
   5.Could be of a group of people or profession: a broken (gun);
5. Can appear in abbreviations: lab, rep;

Question 21

List types of jargons.

Answer 21

Professional and social.
Professional one doesn’t really differ from jargons. It doesn’t hold secrecy and consists of words for different professions. Examples: driller = borrer, digger, hogger (old word with new meanings).
Social one is with the intended secrecy. It originated from “thieves”. Examples: bears (police), he got a book (he got a false sentence).

Question 22

Which stylistic device holds secrecy and is originated from “thieves”?

Answer 22

Social jargon

Question 23

Is language fixed? Why?

Answer 23

No, it is not and will never be. Because language evolves and changes as time passes

Question 24

Define professionalisms.

Answer 24

1. Connected to professions, work;
2. Holds no secrecy;
   Examples: tin-fish, piper;

Question 25

Which stylistic device holds secrecy and which not?

Answer 25

Jargon holds secrecy. Professionalisms don’t.

Question 26

Which work is known for using plenty of professionalisms?

Answer 26

“Citadel” by Cronin: bull, loaded, line, wiped out, corner, shorts. They all describe the financial positions.

Question 27

List types of vulgarism. Define their degrees.

Answer 27

Obscene and expletives.
Obscene words are euphemistically called “four-letter” ones: fuck, shit, damn. They have a high degree of vulgarity and some of them are not even fixed in common dictionaries.
Expletives have lesser degree of vulgarity: damn, son of a bitch, to hell. They appear in euphemistic spelling like that: d… (damn), b….. (bloody).

Question 28

List the changes caused by graphon.

Answer 28

1. Italics;
2. CapiTaliSation;
3. Hy-phe-na-ti-on;
4. M-m-multiplicatoin;
5. Of lines (V.A.K.): “Allllll aboarrrdddd”
6. Others: gimme, lemme, coupla, mighta

Question 29

Define the general type of slang.

Answer 29

It’s used by most speakers.