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Stylistics > 3. Layer of Words > Flashcards

3. Layer of Words Flashcards

(4-9)

1
Q

How are literary coinages built?

A

With affixes and compounding. Examples: village - villagize, newly-founded, hospital - hospitalize, Byron - Byronism.

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2
Q

What is de-terminization?

A

When a term loses its qualities and becomes neutral: radio, television, computer. The reason is the frequency in use of these words.

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3
Q

What is diction?

A

The ability to pronounce vowels clearly according to the phonetic rules of the language.

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4
Q

One of them is decoding.

Stylistics can be divided into:

A
  1. Linguistic stylistics;
  2. Decoding stylistics: sender-message-receiver/speaker-book-reader;
  3. Literary stylistics;
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5
Q

Define types of coinages. Characterize them.

A

1.Neologisms/Terminological. To designate new-born concepts;
2. Stylistic. Created by the authors and is for one special occasion, but may turn fixed due to the frequency of use;

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6
Q

Where are archaic words often found?

A

In official documents

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7
Q

What do poetic words portray?

A

The use of language in the 17th-19th c. Examples: steed (horse), quoth (said), woe (sorrow).

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8
Q

(1)___ - most of them don’t live long. They are temporary and suit one particular occasion.

A

(1) Literary coinages

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9
Q

What is style to linguistics?

A

Style is a branch of linguistics. It’s a linguistic way to approach literary texts for analysis.

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10
Q

What about word aging? Tell about it.

A
  1. Is detected by dictionaries;
  2. May either drop out or get richer polysemously;
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11
Q

Define obsolete words.

A

They are out of use, but still recognizable. Examples: methinks, alack, nay.

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12
Q

Most barbarisms have (1)___

A

(1) synonyms

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13
Q

Layer is implied

What’s the main source of synonyms?

A

The neutral layer

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14
Q

What is stylistics to linguistic studies?

A

A subdepartment when dealing with literary text peculiarities

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15
Q

Define the literary layer of the standard English vocabulary.

A
  1. Is devoid of emotional colouring;
  2. Is stable;
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16
Q

What’s the reason literary coinages appear?

A

To designate new concepts.

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17
Q

Define the neutral layer of standard English vocabulary.

A
  1. The main source of synonyms;
  2. Used in both literary and colloquial speech;
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18
Q

What’s the function of archaic words?

A

Terminological

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19
Q

concepts

All scientists are (1)___ to some extent.
But why?

A

(1) linguists
Because they are responsible for terminology denoting techniques, humanities, objects, phenomena, etc.

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20
Q

What is the colloquial layer of the standard English vocabulary?

A
  1. Full of emotional colouring which can fade later and turn neutral. Thus it can get:
  2. Unstable;
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21
Q

What is the unstable layer of standard English vocabulary?

A

The colloquial layer

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22
Q

What’s the difference between historical terms and archaic words?

A

Historical terms have no synonyms and have no notions at present, denoting historical phenomena: yeoman, coif and distaff, vassal, falconet, etc.

23
Q

Where is barbarism used? Where is it avoided?

A

Used in both a formal and informal speech, but is mostly avoided in a formal one.

24
Q

Define a key definition for interpretation.

A

It’s subjective.

25
Q

What is the difference between barbarisms and foreignisms?

A

Barbarisms have become facts of the Eng. language;
Foreignisms are not registered, more or less monosemantic, alien, italiced and do not develop new meanings. Examples of one: “She has said: “Au revoir”. Not goodbye!”

26
Q

What can be easily coined and accepted into vocabulary?

A

Terms

27
Q

Define barbarisms.

A

Foreign origin words, not fully assimilated into the Eng. language

28
Q

Define term.

A
  1. It’s easily coined and accepted;
  2. Can be used in any style: articles, belles-lettres style, etc.;
  3. It can create an atmosphere;
29
Q

What is the common feature for barbarisms and foreignisms?

A

Both of them are used in belles-lettres or publicistic style.

30
Q

What’s the function of foreign words?

A
  1. Sometimes they fulfill terminological function: solo, tenor, concerto. Be careful and don’t confuse them with barbarisms!;
  2. Give the atmosphere, to underline the period of time or place;
31
Q

What is the common method of making poetic words?

A

Compounding: young-eyed, paly, steepy.

32
Q

Define the stylistic effect of the literary layer of the vocabulary.

A
  1. May characterize the epoch, its atmosphere;
  2. Atmosphere of professional activity;
  3. Romantic atmosphere, elevation;
  4. Atmosphere of solemnity (in official speech);
  5. Colouring of the country described;
33
Q

Stylistics only occasionally draws on (1)___.

A

(1) linguistic methods

34
Q

Once used often, abbreviations can become (1)___.

A

(1) the common lexical unit
Examples: Sputnik, superman ship, LOX, etc

35
Q

Define obsolescent words.

A
  1. They gradually pass out of general use;
  2. End with -est, -(e)th instead of -es;
  3. The following verb forms are included: art, wilt;
  4. The following pronouns are included: thou, thy, thine;
36
Q

Poetic words are (1)___.

A

(1) archaic words
E.g. “quoth”, “clipien”.

37
Q

Coinages may appear in (1)___.

A

(1) abbreviations
Examples: TRUD, DIY

38
Q

Define literary coinages.

A
  1. Most of them don’t live long;
  2. They are temporary and suit one particular occasion;
  3. Can be fixed in the vocabulary;
  4. The reason they appear is the need to designate new concepts;
39
Q

Define nonce-words.

A
  1. It’s another type of neologism;
  2. Rarely pass into the language and suit for once particular occasion;
  3. Can hardly be expected to be registered by English dictionaries as ordinary words. Examples: “I am wived in Texas, mother-in-lawed, and uncled <…>;
40
Q

The bulk of the standard English vocabulary is divided into (1), (2) and (3)___.

A

(1) neutral
(2) literary
(3) colloquial layers

41
Q

What does the literary layer consist of?

A

Barbarisms, archaic words, neologisms, terms, foreignisms and literary coinages.

42
Q

Terminological borrowings have no (1)___.

A

(1) synonyms

43
Q

Define three phases/types of word aging.

A
  1. Obsolescent;
  2. Obsolete;
  3. Archaic proper;
44
Q

Define archaic proper words.

A
  1. Are no longer recognizable;
  2. They either don’t exist or changed morphologically or phonologically.
    Examples: to deem, quoth, woe, losel, maketh;
45
Q

Define types of barbarisms.

A
  1. Fully assimilated. Examples: wine, street, reprimand, helicopter;
  2. Partially assimilated. Examples: machine, police, garage, prestige;
  3. Unassimilated. Examples: belles-lettres, alter ego, chic, bonmot;
46
Q

Define archaic words.

A
  1. Often found in official documents and its function is terminological;
  2. Used for elevated effect along with word form and word combinations;
47
Q

In which styles coinages appear? Where else?

A

Publicistic and bookish style. Happens mainly in newspaper headlines, can be in articles, magazines.

48
Q

Which category the words “methinks”, “alack”, “nay” belong to?

A

Obsolete

49
Q

The following forms/words:
-est, -(e)th instead of -s
thou, thy, thine, art, wilt
They belong to (1)___.

A

(1) obsolescent

50
Q

The following words:
to deem, quoth, woe, losel, maketh
They belong to (1)___.

A

(1) archaic proper

51
Q

Archaic words often found in (1)___ and their function is (2)___.

A

(1) official documents
(2) terminological

52
Q

The following words:
solo, tenor, concerto
They belong to (1)___.

A

(1) foreign words + terms

53
Q

(1) Te___ b___ have no (2)___.

A

(1) Terminological borrowings
(2) synonyms

54
Q

What’s the function of foreign words?

A

To create the atmosphere, underline period of time or place.

Stylistics (5 decks)

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