3. Layer of Words Flashcards
(4-9)
How are literary coinages built?
With affixes and compounding. Examples: village - villagize, newly-founded, hospital - hospitalize, Byron - Byronism.
What is de-terminization?
When a term loses its qualities and becomes neutral: radio, television, computer. The reason is the frequency in use of these words.
What is diction?
The ability to pronounce vowels clearly according to the phonetic rules of the language.
One of them is decoding.
Stylistics can be divided into:
- Linguistic stylistics;
- Decoding stylistics: sender-message-receiver/speaker-book-reader;
- Literary stylistics;
Define types of coinages. Characterize them.
1.Neologisms/Terminological. To designate new-born concepts;
2. Stylistic. Created by the authors and is for one special occasion, but may turn fixed due to the frequency of use;
Where are archaic words often found?
In official documents
What do poetic words portray?
The use of language in the 17th-19th c. Examples: steed (horse), quoth (said), woe (sorrow).
(1)___ - most of them don’t live long. They are temporary and suit one particular occasion.
(1) Literary coinages
What is style to linguistics?
Style is a branch of linguistics. It’s a linguistic way to approach literary texts for analysis.
What about word aging? Tell about it.
- Is detected by dictionaries;
- May either drop out or get richer polysemously;
Define obsolete words.
They are out of use, but still recognizable. Examples: methinks, alack, nay.
Most barbarisms have (1)___
(1) synonyms
Layer is implied
What’s the main source of synonyms?
The neutral layer
What is stylistics to linguistic studies?
A subdepartment when dealing with literary text peculiarities
Define the literary layer of the standard English vocabulary.
- Is devoid of emotional colouring;
- Is stable;
What’s the reason literary coinages appear?
To designate new concepts.
Define the neutral layer of standard English vocabulary.
- The main source of synonyms;
- Used in both literary and colloquial speech;
What’s the function of archaic words?
Terminological
concepts
All scientists are (1)___ to some extent.
But why?
(1) linguists
Because they are responsible for terminology denoting techniques, humanities, objects, phenomena, etc.
What is the colloquial layer of the standard English vocabulary?
- Full of emotional colouring which can fade later and turn neutral. Thus it can get:
- Unstable;
What is the unstable layer of standard English vocabulary?
The colloquial layer
What’s the difference between historical terms and archaic words?
Historical terms have no synonyms and have no notions at present, denoting historical phenomena: yeoman, coif and distaff, vassal, falconet, etc.
Where is barbarism used? Where is it avoided?
Used in both a formal and informal speech, but is mostly avoided in a formal one.
Define a key definition for interpretation.
It’s subjective.
What is the difference between barbarisms and foreignisms?
Barbarisms have become facts of the Eng. language;
Foreignisms are not registered, more or less monosemantic, alien, italiced and do not develop new meanings. Examples of one: “She has said: “Au revoir”. Not goodbye!”
What can be easily coined and accepted into vocabulary?
Terms
Define barbarisms.
Foreign origin words, not fully assimilated into the Eng. language
Define term. How are they accepted? Where can it be used? What’s its effect?
- It’s easily coined and accepted;
- Can be used in any style: articles, belles-lettres style, etc.;
- It can create an atmosphere;
What is the common feature for barbarisms and foreignisms?
Both of them are used in belles-lettres or publicistic style.
What’s the function of foreign words?
- Sometimes they fulfill terminological function: solo, tenor, concerto. Be careful and don’t confuse them with barbarisms!;
- Give the atmosphere, to underline the period of time or place;
What is the common method of making poetic words?
Compounding: young-eyed, paly, steepy.
Define the stylistic effect of the literary layer of the vocabulary.
- May characterize the epoch, its atmosphere;
- Atmosphere of professional activity;
- Romantic atmosphere, elevation;
- Atmosphere of solemnity (in official speech);
- Colouring of the country described;
Stylistics only occasionally draws on (1)___.
(1) linguistic methods
Once used often, abbreviations can become (1)___.
(1) the common lexical unit
Examples: Sputnik, superman ship, LOX, etc
Define obsolescent words.
- They gradually pass out of general use;
- End with -est, -(e)th instead of -es;
- The following verb forms are included: art, wilt;
- The following pronouns are included: thou, thy, thine;
Poetic words are (1)___.
(1) archaic words
E.g. “quoth”, “clipien”.
DIY
Coinages may appear in (1)___.
(1) abbreviations
Examples: TRUD, DIY
Define literary coinages.
- Most of them don’t live long;
- They are temporary and suit one particular occasion;
- Can be fixed in the vocabulary;
- The reason they appear is the need to designate new concepts;
Define nonce-words.
- It’s another type of neologism;
- Rarely pass into the language and suit for once particular occasion;
- Can hardly be expected to be registered by English dictionaries as ordinary words. Examples: “I am wived in Texas, mother-in-lawed, and uncled <…>;
The bulk of the standard English vocabulary is divided into (1), (2) and (3)___.
(1) neutral
(2) literary
(3) colloquial layers
What does the literary layer consist of?
Barbarisms, archaic words, neologisms, terms, foreignisms and literary coinages.
Terminological borrowings have no (1)___.
(1) synonyms
Define three phases/types of word aging.
- Obsolescent;
- Obsolete;
- Archaic proper;
Define archaic proper words.
- Are no longer recognizable;
- They either don’t exist or changed morphologically or phonologically.
Examples: to deem, quoth, woe, losel, maketh;
Define types of barbarisms.
- Fully assimilated. Examples: wine, street, reprimand, helicopter;
- Partially assimilated. Examples: machine, police, garage, prestige;
- Unassimilated. Examples: belles-lettres, alter ego, chic, bonmot;
Define archaic words.
- Often found in official documents and its function is terminological;
- Used for elevated effect along with word form and word combinations;
In which styles coinages appear? Where else?
Publicistic and bookish style. Happens mainly in newspaper headlines, can be in articles, magazines.
Which category the words “methinks”, “alack”, “nay” belong to?
Obsolete
The following forms/words:
-est, -(e)th instead of -s
thou, thy, thine, art, wilt
They belong to (1)___.
(1) obsolescent
The following words:
to deem, quoth, woe, losel, maketh
They belong to (1)___.
(1) archaic proper
Archaic words often found in (1)___ and their function is (2)___.
(1) official documents
(2) terminological
The following words:
solo, tenor, concerto
They belong to (1)___.
(1) foreign words + terms
(1) Te___ b___ have no synonyms.
(1) Terminological borrowings
What’s the function of foreign words?
To create the atmosphere, underline period of time or place.
