5>reciprocity Flashcards

1
Q

how do 3rd wave politeness theories tackle impoliteness (DEF) &2>

A

> as “a continuum from very negatively>very positively perceived behaviours IN CONTEXT”
politeness no longer seen as just FTA avoidance
now ‘culturally-specific normative behaviour’ is key

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2
Q

Impoliteness & different kinds of norms>

A

> expected behaviours
social “oughts”

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3
Q

Impoliteness & norms> expected behaviours>

A

> these as resulting from behavioural regularities/habits
not necessarily instituionalised
can be different levels (e.g. among close friends>social interaction as a whole)

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4
Q

Impoliteness & different kinds of norms> social “oughts”>

A

> these as authoratitive injunctions to perform social actions
injunstions as warning/order to not begin/continue an action

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5
Q

TOM in phylogney> FIRST>

A

> assumed SHARED INTENTION first emerged between 2 collaborative partners operating in acts of ‘JOINT INTENTIONALITY’

> subsequently, interaction is developed ‘TRIADICALLY’ (thus including a common obj or intentional attention)

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6
Q

TOM in phylogeny> THEN>

A

later humans developed the capacity to interact with other individuals as members of a cultural group in acts of:
>COLLECTIVE INTENTIONALITY (what ought i think?)
>& EXTENED INTERSUBJECTIVITY (what ought i do as part of social group)

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7
Q

cooperation & TOM: chimps vs infants>

A
  • chimps only cooperated when has OWN GAIN at hand (basic), & used each other as a vehicle/social tool; once could achieve without no longer cared/helped
  • infants helped each other out; cooperation not restricted to short-term gain & aware of need for long term cooperation
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8
Q

How do norms evolve in cultural evolution?

A
  • RECIPROCITY (<arguable one of the “very building blocks of moral systems”)
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9
Q

How does ‘reciprocity’ facilitate cooperative social interaction>

A

it facilitates co-operative social interaction because they require individuals to make ‘commitments’ to behave in ways that later may prove contrary to independent individual interests

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10
Q

Reciprocity-based altruism=

A

individuals cooperating by TRADING helpful acts

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11
Q

when do both participants benefit in reciprocity-based altruism?>

A

when the benefits to the recipient are greater than the cost to the actor (so long as the act is reciprocated sometime in future>i.e. gratitude)

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12
Q

reciprocity-based obligations=

A

moral systems develop as systems of ‘delayed reciprocity’–>& moral rules are established to control tendencies of individuals to behave selfishly

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13
Q

what is required for reciprocal altruism to evolve?

A

a socio-normative mechanism of conditional repayment of costs & benefit must be in place among members of any cooperative activity (in order to detect cheaters)

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14
Q

how do human moral individuals hold one another accountable for their obligations?

A

e.g. via reactive attiudes such as resentment & blame to ‘free riders’ in acts of so called moral protest to which they expect/demand an appropriate response in return

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15
Q

reciprocity & moral orders>

A

moral order of relgiious & legal systems is where reciprocity is prominent
(e.g. old testament “eye for an eye”; new testament “turn the other cheek”)

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16
Q

the principle of (im)politeness reciprocity (PIR)>

A

a constraint on human interaction such that there is a pressure to match the PERCEIVED/ANTICIPATED (im)politeness of other participants, thereby maintaining a ‘balance of payments’

17
Q

how are social payments balanced in PIR>

A

> a politely formulated request–>makes a politeness CREDIT that can be balanced by a politely formulated compliance
an impolitely formulated insult–>make a DEBIT that can be balanced by an impolitely formulated counter insult

18
Q

how do interactants know what the state of (im)politeness “balance of payments” is?

A

they make assumptions about the balance on the basis of their memory of the perceived (im)politeness of the interlocutor’s past relevant actions

19
Q

Balance of social payments & mismatch>

A

a mismatch amoungst interactants perceptions could result in an attribution of impoliteness on the basis that you are “owed” more than you are given

20
Q

Extended intersubjectivity=

A

impolite acts on behalf of someone

21
Q

How can reciprocity mis(matching) be measured> for requests>

A

> FIRST: develop way to assess degree of (im)p of different request strategies
THEN: assess the ‘interactional effort’ made by recipient (acceptance/refusal [A]/[R]; comment/absence [C]/[NoC]; positive/negative comment [Cp]/[Cn]
FINALLY: assess context & norms associated

22
Q

Spiral of impoliteness> terms> (7)

A
  • turn orientation
  • personalisation
  • resonance
  • action elcition
  • sarcasm
  • impolite or negative words
  • impolite constructions
23
Q

turn orientation=

A

a turn reacting to a turn (which turn a turn is reacting to if any)p

24
Q

personalisation=

A

typically whether a 2nd person (or direct reference to that) is present

25
Q

resonance=

A

whether the turn re-uses lingusitic material from another

26
Q

action elicitation=

A

including e.g. request, commands, threats