2>cooperative principle

Question 1

Grice: natural meaning>

Answer 1

• natural= situations where we can infer something from what we know about how the world works
  ^these as what the world means, so what we infer is not CANCELLABLE
  (i.e. ‘smoke’=fire)

Question 2

Grice: non-natural meaning>

Answer 2

meaning is so because humans INTEND them to mean those things
(“how much are you worth” “i dont know”>when do>attempt to imply something else)

Question 3

Grice’s cooperative principle:

Answer 3

idea all of human communication needs to be ‘cooperative’ & cooperative as:
>”making conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”

Question 4

quantity maxim=(definition)

Answer 4

make your contribution as informative as required
do not make your contribution MORE informative than is required

Question 5

quantity maxim> how can change in use>

Answer 5

• speech act & expectation can guide:
  (e.g. UK & “you alright” doesnt deem in-depth explanation of how are)
  -contexts where attacked & excuses usually given:

Question 6

Quality maxim (definiton)=

Answer 6

• do not say what you believe to be false
• do not say that for which you have inadequate evidence

Question 7

quality maxim in use> (3)

Answer 7

• if someone says something clearly false, we try to find an explanation for their statement (i.e. as a metaphor, ironic remark, conventional expectation etc)
• often flouted when truth would appear worse
• common struggle in autistic spectrum to follow these ‘rules’

Question 8

maxim of relation (definition)>

Answer 8

• even if our statement doesn’t seem relevant, listener will assume we are strung to be so & search for an interpretation that MAKES our statement relevant
  (e.g. what would you do? how much are you worth?)

Question 9

manner maxim> defintion>

Answer 9

• perspicious
  >i> avoid obscurity of expression
  ii> avoid ambiguity
  iii> be brief
  iv> be orderly

Question 10

manner maxim in use>

Answer 10

• sometimes flout intentionally: if dfont want to share
• sometime unintentionally: if don’t know/unsure of what being asked

Question 11

violating a maxim=

Answer 11

misuse

Question 12

flouting a maxim=

Answer 12

intentional

Question 13

conventional implicatures=

Answer 13

follow from the meaning of words used (implicature is associated with meaning of expression, even out of context)
(e.g. “can you” as request in eng)

Question 14

conversational implicatures=

Answer 14

depend on contextual assumption & maxims of conversation (e.g. i’m cold’ & window> request)

Question 15

2 types of conversational implicatures>

Answer 15

• conversational ‘generalised’ implicatures
  -conversational ‘particularised’ implicatures

Question 16

conversational ‘generalised’ implicatures=

Answer 16

involves a restricted range of meanings that are disambiguated by context
(e.g. can be made in 2/3 types of context)

Question 17

conversational ‘particularised’ implicatures=

Answer 17

cannot be understood at all without a specific context

Question 18

N-G> levisons 2 opposing principles>

Answer 18

-Q-principle= say as much as you can given R-principle
-R-principle=say no more than you must, given G principle

Question 19

Scalar implicatures> 2 types>

Answer 19

-Q-based implicatures
-R-based implicatures

Question 20

scalar implicatures> Q-based implicatures>

Answer 20

understand no more than what is said
(e.g. “Upper classed owned MOST of the land”> they didnt own all)

Question 21

scalar implicatures> R-based implicatures>

Answer 21

understand more than said
(e.g. “I had the ability to help mark”–>so you didnt help him)

Question 22

N-G> a division of pragmatic labour>

Answer 22

-unmarked utterance license R-inferences, while marked utterances license Q-inferences

Question 23

N-G> levision (2000) proposed 3 heuristics>

Answer 23

-Q-heuristic
-the L-heuristic
- the M-heuristic

Question 24

levision (2000) 3 heuristics: the Q-heuristic>

Answer 24

=what isn’t said, isn’t
(e.g. “i want to watch two films–>not three/one)

Question 25

levision (2000) 3 heuristics: the L-heuristic>

Answer 25

=what is simply described is stereotypically exemplified
(e.g. “I was able to help mark”–>i helped him)

Question 26

levision (2000) 3 heuristics: the M-heuristic>

Answer 26

A marked message indicates a marked situation
(e.g. “i had the ability to help mark”–>i didnt help mark”)

Question 27

the m-heuristic & hierarhcy>

Answer 27

-M-heuristic as overriding others:
(e.g. ‘having a beverage’ is more marked formally (m) than ‘having a drink’ (l)–>this implicates that the implicature associated with less-marked option (l-heuristic) doesn’t hold