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Pediatric Handbook QE > 5. Radiology > Flashcards

5. Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Radiographic screening for the purpose of detecting disease before clinical examination should be performed.

A

False, should NOT be performed

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2
Q

T/F Dental radiation had deterministic effects

A

False, dental radiation has stochastic effects

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3
Q

What are deterministic effects from radiation?

A

killing of cells

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4
Q

What are stochastic effects from radiation?

A

probability to cause cancer, severity not dose dependent

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5
Q

Younger people are more or less susceptible to developing cancers from radiation?

A

more

The younger the individual and the faster the tissue grows, the higher the potential risk to develop fatal cancer from being exposed to ionizing radiation

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6
Q

What is the distance an operator should be from the radiation?

A

at least 6 feet from tube head or behind a barrier

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7
Q

What principle should be used when taking radiographs?

A

ALARA

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8
Q

A PA radiograph should include what structures?

A

tooth crown and at least 2 mm bone below apex

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9
Q

What are the most radiosensitive head and neck structures?

A

thyroid
salivary glands
marrow
brain

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10
Q

What is the recall radiation frequency of a HIGH risk caries patient

A

primary/mixed: 6-12 mo

permanent: 6-18 mo

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11
Q

What is the recall radiation frequency of a LOW risk caries patient

A

primary/mixed: 12-14 mo
mixed/adolescent: 18-26 mo
adult: 24-36 mo

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12
Q

Dental radiograph exposure (excluding CBCT) contribute to what % of total lifetime health care x-ray dose?

A

2.5%

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13
Q

For a recall pt with clinical caries/increased risk of caries, what is the recommended frequency of radiographs?

A

6 to 12 months

After eruption of third molars: 6-18 months

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14
Q

For a recall pt with no clinical caries and low risk, what is the recommended frequency of radiographs?

A

Primary/Transitional dentition: 12 to 24 months
Adult dentition: 18 to 36 months
After eruption of third molars: 24-36 months

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15
Q

What is the justification principle?

A

exposure only justified if there is no other way to obtain information and only after review of patient’s dental and medical history and clinical examination, if available aways try to obtain previously taken radiographs.

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16
Q

What is the optimization principle?

A

always try to obtain best quality images

17
Q

What does rectangular collimation do?

A

Reduces scatter thus improving image quality.

Reduces absorbed radiation dose by approx 50% and can omit use of protective apron.

18
Q

A thyroid shield is more effective if exposure is direct or indirect?

A

direct (i.e. Ceph)

19
Q

For analog films, what speed receptors are recommended

A

E or F (fast, similar to digital)

20
Q

Are there special recommendations for dental radiographs for those undergoing head and neck radiation therapy?

A

No

21
Q

How should field of view be positioned

A

As close to the area of interest as possible

22
Q

How do x-rays move from their source?

A

Divergent waves and beams become less intense as they move farther away from the source

23
Q

Are there special recommendations pregnant employees and radiographs?

A

No, use standard precautions

24
Q

For pts who cannot tolerate pano or intramural radiographs what is another alternative type of radiograph

A

lateral oblique

25
Q

What type of films are rare earth screens used for

A

Pano and Ceph

26
Q

What are the three type of digital receptors?

A

charged coupled devices (CCD)
complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS)
phosphor storage plates (PSP)

27
Q

Exposure time ranking of digital and analog receptors

A

E/F = PSP > CCD = CMOS

longer) > (shorter/faster

28
Q

Cons of PSP

A

scratches and bite marks

29
Q

Cons of CCD and CMOS

A

bulky and connecting cable

30
Q

What should be the kVp of wall mounted machines

A

60-70 kVp

31
Q

Hand held x-ray machines have (longer/shorter) exposure time

A

Longer exposure time due to 60 kVp and lower mA

32
Q

Indications for a CBCT

A

impacted or supernumerary tooth
pathology and/or craniofacial anomaly
orthognathics
TMD

33
Q

Increasing mA or exposure time does what to the radiation dose

A

increases dose equally

34
Q

Methods to take radiographs on a severe gagger

A

distraction
topical lidocaine
nitrous oxide

35
Q

when should baseline anterior PA/occlusal be taken in the primary dentition

A

proximal surfaces cannot be visualized
hx of trauma
clinical pathology or anomaly

36
Q

what should be documented regarding radiographs

A

consent to obtain
# of exposures
diagnosis/analysis

Pediatric Handbook QE (26 decks)

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