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Pediatric Handbook QE > 19. Cardiovascular disorders > Flashcards

19. Cardiovascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of heart murmurs and what is the difference between the two?

A
  1. Innocent/Functional/Normal: absence of cardio abnormality, no FU required
  2. Organic/Abnormal: presence of pathologic abnormality
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2
Q

What is the most common heart problem in children?

A

congenital heart disease (CHD)

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3
Q

What are the types of L to R shunts

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Patent Ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Atrioventricular septal defect (AV canal)

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4
Q

What are the types of R to L shunts

A 
Tetraology of fallot 
Transposition of great vessels 
Tricuspid atresia
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Ebstein anomaly
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5
Q

What types of shunts produce cyanosis?

A

R to L

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6
Q

What type of shunts produce pulmonary edema?

A

L to R

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7
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of tetraology of fallot?

A

VSD
Pulmonic stenosis
Aorta overrides VSD
Hypertrophy of R ventricle

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8
Q

What is the anatomical change in transposition of the great vessels?

A

pulmonary artery arises from L ventricle

aorta arises from R ventricle

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9
Q

What CHD lead to obstruction of blood flow?

A

pulmonary valve stenosis
aortic stenosis with bicuspid aortic valve
coarctation of the aorta

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10
Q

What syndromes are commonly associated with cardiac defects?

A 
Down
Turner
Noonan
Marfan 
Ehlers-Danlos
DiGeorge and other 22q11 deletions
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11
Q

What are the surgical procedures and sequence for single ventricle defects?

A

Glenn

Fontan

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12
Q

What are two anatomical structures that are present in fetal circulation and normally close after birth?

A

Foramen ovale: connects R and L atria

Ductus arteriosus: connects aorta with pulmonary artery

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13
Q

What types of medications are used for ventricular failure and/or pulmonary edema?

A

diuretics

ACE inhibitors

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14
Q

What is the rheumatic fever?

A

delayed autoimmune reaction with diffuse inflammation due to URI (Group A B-hemolytic strep)

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15
Q

At what age is rheumatic fever more prevalent?

A

ages 5 to 15

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16
Q

What living conditions/temperatures is rheumatic fever more prevalent?

A

temperate zone
high altitudes
substandard living conditions

17
Q

What are s/s of rheumatic fever?

A

arthritis, carditis, chorea, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules

18
Q

What medications are used to tx rheumatic fever?

A

benzathine peniciilin G
salicylates
codeine

19
Q

What is the difference between rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease?

A

disease has residual carditis as a result of the fever

commonly seen as murmur, exertional dyspnea and CHF

20
Q

What is the diagnosis criteria for hypertension in children?

A

systolic pressure exceeding the 95th percentile for gender, age and height in children (after 3 readings in non-stressful situation)

21
Q

When is essential hypertension more common?

A

adolescents

22
Q

What INR is required if a patient is on anticoagulants?

A

3.5 or less

23
Q

What is the bacteria associated with bacterial endocarditis?

A

staph. aureus

24
Q

What is the bacteria associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Strep viridans and Staph aureus

25
Q

What type of bacterial endocarditis are pediatric patients more susceptible to?

A

subacute

26
Q

What conditions should have antibiotic prophylaxis?

A

Prosthetic cardiac valves
Previous hx of infective endocarditis
Unrepaired congential heart disease
Repaired congenital heart defect or prosthetic material within first six month
Repaired congential heart disease with residual defect
Cardiac transplant patient who develop calculopathy

27
Q

What dental procedures is abx prophylaxis recommended?

A

manipulation of gingival tissue
manipulation of periapical region
perforation of oral mucosa

28
Q

What is standard antibiotic prophylaxis Rx?

A

Amoxicllin
Adults: 2 g
Child: 50 mg/kg

29
Q

What is Clinda antibiotic prophylaxis Rx?

A

Adult: 600 mg
Child: 20 mg/kg

30
Q

What is Ampicillin antibiotic prophylaxis Rx? When would it be used?

A

Adult: 2 g
Child: 50 mg/kg

If unable to take meds (take IM or IV 30 min pre op)

31
Q

What is Cephalexin antibiotic prophylaxis Rx?

A

Adult: 2 g
Child: 50 mg/kg

32
Q

What is Azithromycin antibiotic prophylaxis Rx?

A

Adult: 500 mg
Child: 15 mg/kg

33
Q

What is Cefazolin antibiotic prophylaxis Rx? When would it be used?

A

Adult: 1 g
Child: 50 mg/kg

Take if allergic to penicillins and cannot take po.

Pediatric Handbook QE (26 decks)

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