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C1 - Chemistry > 5 Products From Oil > Flashcards

5 Products From Oil Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we make smaller, more useful molecules from larger, less useful molecules in crude oil?2

A
  • mixing them with steam and heating them to a high temperature
  • by passing the vapours over a hot catalyst
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2
Q

What are the alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain Carbon-carbon double bond

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3
Q

How are large hydrocarbon molecules broken down? What is this called?3

A

By heating them then passing them over a hot catalyst

Cracking

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4
Q

which hydrocarbons are used as fuel?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What are polymers?2

A

Large molecules made when monomers join together ( polymerisation )

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6
Q

List four ways we use fuels?4

A

Transport
Cooking
Heating
Electricity

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7
Q

What are plastics made from?

A

Polymers

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8
Q

Is ethene an alkane or alkene?

A

Alkene

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9
Q

What is polyethene made from

A

Ethene

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10
Q

How are we using new polymers?

A

They are designed to have properties that make them especially suited certain uses

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11
Q

What are the problems caused by disposing of plastics?4

A
  • they cause unsightly rubbish
  • can harm rubbish
  • can harm wildlife
  • take up space in landfill sites
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12
Q

What does biodegradable mean?

A

A material that are decomposed by the action of microorganism a in soil

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13
Q

How can polymers be made biodegradable?

A

We can make biodegradable plastics from plant material such as corn starch

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14
Q

Whats one method used to make ethanol?

A
  • ethanol can be made from ethene reacting with steam in the presence of a catalyst = hydration
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15
Q

Name another method used to make ethanol?2

A

Ethanol can also be made by fermenting sugar using enzymes in yeast

Carbon dioxide is also made in this reaction

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16
Q

What gas is given off when sugar is fermented?

A

Carbon dioxide

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17
Q

When is ethene made?

A

When oil companies crack hydrocarbons to make fuels

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18
Q

What does cracking mean?

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

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19
Q

What reaction is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction

Vaporise then hydrocarbon
Vapour is passed over a powdered catalyst at roughly 400-700 degrees
Aluminium oxide is the catalyst used
Long chain molecules split apart

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20
Q

What’s the difference between alkanes and alkanes?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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21
Q

How do you test for alkenes?r

A

Add to bromine water

They decolourise the bromine water and turn it from orange to colourless

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22
Q

How does ethane become ethanol?

A

It is hydrated with steam

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23
Q

Describe polymerisation?

A

Joining together lots of small alkene molecules (monomers) to form very large molecules (polymers)

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24
Q

If you polymerise propene what do you get?

A

Polypropene

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25
Q

How can vegetable oils be used in cooking?

A

Have higher boiling point than water - they can cook foods at higher temperatures and at faster speeds
Different flavour - plant oil has its own flavour
Using it to cook food increases the energy you get from eating it

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26
Q

How can vegetable oils be used to produce fuel?

A

It could be used as a biodiesel

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27
Q

Unsaturated oils ahve what bonds and are what?

A

Double bonds

Alkenes

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28
Q

Example of unsaturated fat?

A

Olive oil

Sunflower oil

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29
Q

What does cooking in oil do?

A

Cooking in food oil whether Saturated, unsaturated or partially hydrogenated oils make the food more fattening

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30
Q

Name two substances produced when poly ethane burns in the air?

A

Carbon dioxide

Water

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31
Q

What is seen when sugar solution and yeast are fermented?

A

Bubbling

Fizzing

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32
Q

What are advantages for producing ethanol from sugar cane?

A

Sugar cane absorbs carbon dioxide so is carbon neutral
Sugar cane is renewable so saved resources
Low energy process so saved fuel

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33
Q

What are disadvantages for producing ethanol from sugar cane?

A

Large areas of land needed - destruction of habitats
Land could be used for food costs = food shortages/higher price
Slow process - limits production
Only 50% ethanol do needs further separation
Unreliable yield because growth is seasonal

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34
Q

Simple fractional distillation?

A

Heat to vaporise crude oil
Vapours condense
At different temperatures

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35
Q

What conditions are needed for hardening olivie oil (by reacting it with hydrogen)?

A

A nickel catalyst

60 degrees

36
Q

Does hardening olive oil make it healthier?

A

No because adding hydrogen reduces the number of carbon-carbon double bonds
Therefore there will be less unsaturated fat

37
Q

Chemical test to indicate the presence of ethane?

A

Add bromine water

Changes to colourless

38
Q

What is locked up carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide from the earths early atmosphere

Formed sedimentary rocks

39
Q

Explain the process of fermentation?

A

Sugar is mixed with water

Yeast is added

40
Q

Why is using a biofuel thought to be carbon neutral?

A

Plants absorb carbon dioxide

Which is released when it burns

41
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Shorter ALKANE molecule

And an alkene

42
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

A thermal decomposition reaction

43
Q

What’s the formula for Alkenes?

A

They have twice as many hydrogen a as carbons

CnH(2n)

44
Q

Word equation for fermentation?

A

Sugar — carbon dioxide and ethanol

45
Q

How can ethanol be made from ethane?

A

Hydrated with steam in the prescenve of a catalyst

46
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

Joining together small alkene molecules (monomers) to form long chain molecules called polymers

47
Q

What is the test for unsaturated fats?

A

Bromine water and unsaturated fats

48
Q

Describe the reaction needed to harden vegetable oil?

A

Hydrogen reacted
Nickel catalyst
About 60 degrees

49
Q

Turning an ALKANE into an alcohol?

A

Vaporise
Pass over a catalyst
Add steam
In the prescenve of a catalyst

50
Q

Properties of shorter molecules?

A

More funny
More volatile (turn into a gas at a lower temperature)
More flammable

51
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

52
Q

What affects a polymers physical properties?

A

the temperature and pressure of polymerisation

53
Q

Properties of hydrocarbons spend on what?

A

The size of their molecules

54
Q

What does each fraction of crude oil contain?

A

Molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms

55
Q

Most fuels contain what?

A

Carbon and or hydrogen

May contain some sulphur

56
Q

What gases could be released when a fuel burns?

A 
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides

Particulates may also be released

57
Q

What causes acid rain?

A

Sulphur dioxide

Nitrogen oxide

58
Q

What do particulates cause?

A

Global dimming

59
Q

How can polymers be used?

A 
Packaging materials
Waterproof coatings for fabrics
Dental polymers
Wound dressings 
Hydrogels
Smart materials
60
Q

What does biodegradable mean?

A

Broken down by microbes

61
Q

Why are polymers not good for the environment ?

A

They are not biodegradable

62
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

Hydration of ethene in the presence of a catalyst

Fermentation of yeast

63
Q

CRACKING

A
  • MIX with STEAM and HEATING to a HIGH TEMPERATURE

OR

  • VAPORISE over a HOT CATALYST
64
Q

How does polymerisation work?

A

Joining alkene molecules together
The double bond between carbon atoms in each molecule ‘opens up’
It is replaced by single bonds as thousands of molecules join together

65
Q

Used of polymers?

A

Hydrogels
Shape memory polymers
Light sensitive plasters
Bottles of fizzy drinks

66
Q

Fermentation equation?

A

Glucose —> (add yeast) ethanol + carbon dioxide

67
Q

What gas is given off in fermentation?

A

Carbon dioxide

68
Q

HYDRATION equation?

A

Ethene + steam —> (add catalyst) ethanol

69
Q

Advantages of making ethanol from ethene?

A

Reversible (so can be recycled)
Continuous
No waste products

70
Q

Disadvantages of making ethanol from ethene?

A

Relies of crude oil which is non renewable (as it requires energy to heat the gases)

71
Q

Disadvantages of industrial fermentation?

A

Batch process
Produced carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)
Used land which could be used to grow crops

72
Q

Why are vegetable oils useful for cooking?

A

High boiling point

So can be cooked faster

73
Q

How do emulsifiers work?

A

The hydrophilic and hydrophobic end cause a stable suspension of oil in water Nd water in oil

74
Q

What hydrocarbons have the lowest boiling points?

A

Hydrocarbons with the smaller molecules

75
Q

At the bottom of the column what boiling points do they have?

A

High boiling points

76
Q

At the top of the column what boiling points do they have?

A

Hydrocarbons with low boiling points

77
Q

Why is carbon monoxide harmful?

A

Red blood cells pick up this has and carry it around your blood instead of oxygen

78
Q

How do particulates form?

A

Engines burn hydrocarbons with much bigger molecules
When these big molecules react with oxygen in the engine they do not always burn completely
Tiny solid particles containing carbon and I burnt hydrocarbons

79
Q

Word equation for a catalytic converter?

A

Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxides —> carbon dioxide + nitrogen

80
Q

How do power stations remove waste gases?

A

By reacting it with calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide

81
Q

Where does cracking occur?

A

This takes place at an oil refinery in a steel vessel called a fracker

82
Q

What does polymerisation mean?

A

When alkene molecules join together the double bond between the carbon in each molecule opens up
And is replaced by single bonds as thousands of molecules join together

83
Q

Disadvantages of biodegradable plastics?

A

Lack of food supplies for developing countries

Destruction of wildlife for more farming

84
Q

Two ways to make ethanol?

A 
Add ethene (hydration)
Fermentation
85
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Hydrocarbons that are saturated and contain a carbon carbon dingle bond

86
Q

Alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and contain a carbon carbon double bond

C1 - Chemistry (7 decks)

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