5 Products From Oil Flashcards
How do we make smaller, more useful molecules from larger, less useful molecules in crude oil?2
- mixing them with steam and heating them to a high temperature
- by passing the vapours over a hot catalyst
What are the alkenes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons which contain Carbon-carbon double bond
How are large hydrocarbon molecules broken down? What is this called?3
By heating them then passing them over a hot catalyst
Cracking
which hydrocarbons are used as fuel?
Saturated hydrocarbons
What are polymers?2
Large molecules made when monomers join together ( polymerisation )
List four ways we use fuels?4
Transport
Cooking
Heating
Electricity
What are plastics made from?
Polymers
Is ethene an alkane or alkene?
Alkene
What is polyethene made from
Ethene
How are we using new polymers?
They are designed to have properties that make them especially suited certain uses
What are the problems caused by disposing of plastics?4
- they cause unsightly rubbish
- can harm rubbish
- can harm wildlife
- take up space in landfill sites
What does biodegradable mean?
A material that are decomposed by the action of microorganism a in soil
How can polymers be made biodegradable?
We can make biodegradable plastics from plant material such as corn starch
Whats one method used to make ethanol?
- ethanol can be made from ethene reacting with steam in the presence of a catalyst = hydration
Name another method used to make ethanol?2
Ethanol can also be made by fermenting sugar using enzymes in yeast
Carbon dioxide is also made in this reaction
What gas is given off when sugar is fermented?
Carbon dioxide
When is ethene made?
When oil companies crack hydrocarbons to make fuels
What does cracking mean?
Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons
What reaction is cracking?
A thermal decomposition reaction
Vaporise then hydrocarbon
Vapour is passed over a powdered catalyst at roughly 400-700 degrees
Aluminium oxide is the catalyst used
Long chain molecules split apart
What’s the difference between alkanes and alkanes?
Saturated and unsaturated
How do you test for alkenes?r
Add to bromine water
They decolourise the bromine water and turn it from orange to colourless
How does ethane become ethanol?
It is hydrated with steam
Describe polymerisation?
Joining together lots of small alkene molecules (monomers) to form very large molecules (polymers)
If you polymerise propene what do you get?
Polypropene
How can vegetable oils be used in cooking?
Have higher boiling point than water - they can cook foods at higher temperatures and at faster speeds
Different flavour - plant oil has its own flavour
Using it to cook food increases the energy you get from eating it
How can vegetable oils be used to produce fuel?
It could be used as a biodiesel
Unsaturated oils ahve what bonds and are what?
Double bonds
Alkenes
Example of unsaturated fat?
Olive oil
Sunflower oil
What does cooking in oil do?
Cooking in food oil whether Saturated, unsaturated or partially hydrogenated oils make the food more fattening
Name two substances produced when poly ethane burns in the air?
Carbon dioxide
Water
What is seen when sugar solution and yeast are fermented?
Bubbling
Fizzing
What are advantages for producing ethanol from sugar cane?
Sugar cane absorbs carbon dioxide so is carbon neutral
Sugar cane is renewable so saved resources
Low energy process so saved fuel
What are disadvantages for producing ethanol from sugar cane?
Large areas of land needed - destruction of habitats
Land could be used for food costs = food shortages/higher price
Slow process - limits production
Only 50% ethanol do needs further separation
Unreliable yield because growth is seasonal
Simple fractional distillation?
Heat to vaporise crude oil
Vapours condense
At different temperatures
What conditions are needed for hardening olivie oil (by reacting it with hydrogen)?
A nickel catalyst
60 degrees
Does hardening olive oil make it healthier?
No because adding hydrogen reduces the number of carbon-carbon double bonds
Therefore there will be less unsaturated fat
Chemical test to indicate the presence of ethane?
Add bromine water
Changes to colourless
What is locked up carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide from the earths early atmosphere
Formed sedimentary rocks
Explain the process of fermentation?
Sugar is mixed with water
Yeast is added
Why is using a biofuel thought to be carbon neutral?
Plants absorb carbon dioxide
Which is released when it burns
What are the products of cracking?
Shorter ALKANE molecule
And an alkene
What type of reaction is cracking?
A thermal decomposition reaction
What’s the formula for Alkenes?
They have twice as many hydrogen a as carbons
CnH(2n)
Word equation for fermentation?
Sugar — carbon dioxide and ethanol
How can ethanol be made from ethane?
Hydrated with steam in the prescenve of a catalyst
What is polymerisation?
Joining together small alkene molecules (monomers) to form long chain molecules called polymers
What is the test for unsaturated fats?
Bromine water and unsaturated fats
Describe the reaction needed to harden vegetable oil?
Hydrogen reacted
Nickel catalyst
About 60 degrees
Turning an ALKANE into an alcohol?
Vaporise
Pass over a catalyst
Add steam
In the prescenve of a catalyst
Properties of shorter molecules?
More funny
More volatile (turn into a gas at a lower temperature)
More flammable
What type of reaction is cracking?
Thermal decomposition
What affects a polymers physical properties?
the temperature and pressure of polymerisation
Properties of hydrocarbons spend on what?
The size of their molecules
What does each fraction of crude oil contain?
Molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms
Most fuels contain what?
Carbon and or hydrogen
May contain some sulphur
What gases could be released when a fuel burns?
Carbon dioxide Water vapour Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides
Particulates may also be released
What causes acid rain?
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxide
What do particulates cause?
Global dimming
How can polymers be used?
Packaging materials Waterproof coatings for fabrics Dental polymers Wound dressings Hydrogels Smart materials
What does biodegradable mean?
Broken down by microbes
Why are polymers not good for the environment ?
They are not biodegradable
How can ethanol be produced?
Hydration of ethene in the presence of a catalyst
Fermentation of yeast
CRACKING
- MIX with STEAM and HEATING to a HIGH TEMPERATURE
OR
- VAPORISE over a HOT CATALYST
How does polymerisation work?
Joining alkene molecules together
The double bond between carbon atoms in each molecule ‘opens up’
It is replaced by single bonds as thousands of molecules join together
Used of polymers?
Hydrogels
Shape memory polymers
Light sensitive plasters
Bottles of fizzy drinks
Fermentation equation?
Glucose —> (add yeast) ethanol + carbon dioxide
What gas is given off in fermentation?
Carbon dioxide
HYDRATION equation?
Ethene + steam —> (add catalyst) ethanol
Advantages of making ethanol from ethene?
Reversible (so can be recycled)
Continuous
No waste products
Disadvantages of making ethanol from ethene?
Relies of crude oil which is non renewable (as it requires energy to heat the gases)
Disadvantages of industrial fermentation?
Batch process
Produced carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas)
Used land which could be used to grow crops
Why are vegetable oils useful for cooking?
High boiling point
So can be cooked faster
How do emulsifiers work?
The hydrophilic and hydrophobic end cause a stable suspension of oil in water Nd water in oil
What hydrocarbons have the lowest boiling points?
Hydrocarbons with the smaller molecules
At the bottom of the column what boiling points do they have?
High boiling points
At the top of the column what boiling points do they have?
Hydrocarbons with low boiling points
Why is carbon monoxide harmful?
Red blood cells pick up this has and carry it around your blood instead of oxygen
How do particulates form?
Engines burn hydrocarbons with much bigger molecules
When these big molecules react with oxygen in the engine they do not always burn completely
Tiny solid particles containing carbon and I burnt hydrocarbons
Word equation for a catalytic converter?
Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxides —> carbon dioxide + nitrogen
How do power stations remove waste gases?
By reacting it with calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
Where does cracking occur?
This takes place at an oil refinery in a steel vessel called a fracker
What does polymerisation mean?
When alkene molecules join together the double bond between the carbon in each molecule opens up
And is replaced by single bonds as thousands of molecules join together
Disadvantages of biodegradable plastics?
Lack of food supplies for developing countries
Destruction of wildlife for more farming
Two ways to make ethanol?
Add ethene (hydration) Fermentation
What are alkanes?
Hydrocarbons that are saturated and contain a carbon carbon dingle bond
Alkenes?
Hydrocarbons that are unsaturated and contain a carbon carbon double bond
