5 - Productivity: Labor, Materials and Equipment

Question 1

The selection of the ___________ often affects the required amount of time and effort to finish a project.

Answer 1

appropriate type and size of construction equipment

Question 2

It has major influence on the efficiency and profitability of a construction operation.

Answer 2

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Question 3

Criteria for equipment selection:

Answer 3

• capability to perform the required work
• profitability
• possibility of future use
• availability of parts and service

Question 4

Used to dig and transport earth materials

Answer 4

Major Parts: (Excavation)

1. Carrier or mount
   - -• Truck/Wheel mount
   - -• Crawler mount
2. Cab
   - -• Revolving
   - -• Non-revolving
3. Attachment

Question 5

designed for excavation below grade

Answer 5

Back Hoe

Question 6

Back Hoe Major attachments:

Answer 6

1. Bucket
2. Auger
3. Breaker

Question 7

used to lift, transport and/or load earth materials

Answer 7

Pay Loader/Loader

Question 8

tractor mounted with earth-moving blade

Answer 8

Bulldozer/Dozer

Question 9

small wheel loader having rigid axles and superior maneuverability

Answer 9

Skid-Steer Loader

Question 10

most common construction hauling equipment

Answer 10

Rear-Dump Truck

Question 11

Loading and Hauling Equipments

Answer 11

1. Pay Loader/Loader
2. Bulldozer/Dozer
3. Skid-Steer Loader
4. Rear-Dump Truck

Question 12

an equipment primarily used for lifting, lowering and transporting loads

Answer 12

Crane

Question 13

Factors affecting safe lifting capacity:

Answer 13

• Operating radius
• Use of outriggers
• Amount of counterweight
• Condition of supporting surface

Question 14

Major Types of Crane

Answer 14

• Tower Crane
-- • Luffing jib
-- • Horizontal jib
-- • Articulated jib
 • Gantry Crane
 • Truck-mounted Crane
-- • Telescopic Boom Crane
-- • Boom Truck
 • Crawler-mounted Crane

Question 15

used to drive pre-fabricated piles into the earth

Answer 15

Pile-driving

Question 16

Pile-driving Equipment:

Answer 16

• Vibratory

* Hammer

Question 17

used to bore holes for cast-in-place piles

Answer 17

Bored Piling

Question 18

The function of ______ is to produce higher density in soil mechanically.

Answer 18

compaction equipment

Question 19

The basic forces used in compaction are _______

Answer 19

static weight, kneading, impact and vibration.

Question 20

The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the:

Answer 20

properties of soil,
its moisture content,
the thickness of the soil layer for compaction and
the method of compaction.

Question 21

Compaction and Grading Equipments

Answer 21

Vibratory Roller
Tamper/Jumping Jack
Plate Compactor

Question 22

uses vibration and weight to compact layers of soil along a path

Answer 22

Vibratory Roller

Question 23

small impact-type compactor used in confined areas

Answer 23

Tamper/Jumping Jack

Question 24

hand-driven compactor also used in confined areas

Answer 24

Plate Compactor

Question 25

widely used to operate pneumatic equipment

Answer 25

Compressor

Question 26

Common pneumatic tools:

Answer 26

* Concrete vibrators * Drills * Jack hammer * Sandblasting gun * Breakers

Question 27

Compressed Air, Pumps and Other Construction Tools

Answer 27

Pumps Line Pump Concrete Pump/Pumpcrete

Question 28

–used to remove water in excavations and to supply water for multiple uses

Answer 28

Pumps

Question 29

used to pump concrete to areas that are difficult to reach by concrete mixer

Answer 29

Line Pump

Question 30

used in vertical construction to pump fresh concrete to higher floors

Answer 30

Concrete Pump/Pumpcrete

Question 31

defined as the output per labor hour

Answer 31

Productivity

Question 32

Productivity may be expressed in terms of:

Answer 32

* Functional units (m3 per day, etc) | * Constant peso/dollar (pesos per hour, etc.)

Question 33

Expressing productivity in functional units:

Answer 33

Lower-level measurement | • Higher-level measurement

Question 34

useful in monitoring individual activities (e.g. cubic meters of concrete per hour)

Answer 34

Lower-level measurement

Question 35

useful in setting industry-wide standards of performance (e.g. kilometers of road paved per hour)

Answer 35

• Higher-level measurement

Question 36

Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity

Answer 36

* Labor Characteristics * Project Work Condition * Non-Productive Activities

Question 37

used to assess worker quality and contribution

Answer 37

Labor Characteristics

Question 38

Labor Characteristics

Answer 38

* age, skill and experience of the workforce | * leadership and motivation of the workforce

Question 39

Project Work Condition

Answer 39

* job size and complexity * job site accessibility * local climate * local cultural characteristics * equipment utilization * contractual agreements

Question 40

Non-Productive Activities

Answer 40

• indirect labor for maintaining the progress of the project • rework for correcting unsatisfactory work • temporary work stoppage due to: --• inclement weather -- • material shortage • absentee time, including late start and early dismissal • non-working holidays

Question 41

defined as the ratio of direct labor hours devoted to the completion of a project to the potential labor hours

Answer 41

Productive Labor Yield

Question 42

______ are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a job site by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield

Answer 42

Direct labor hours

Question 43

_____ represent a major expense in construction

Answer 43

Materials

Question 44

Poor materials management can result in large and avoidable costs:

Answer 44

* materials purchased early can tie up capital allocation * warehousing cost of materials purchased early * materials may deteriorate during storage and may be stolen * materials purchased late may delay certain activities

Question 45

Insuring a__________ is an important concern of project managers.

Answer 45

timely flow of material

Question 46

Material Procurement

Answer 46

1. Contractor (traditional) | 2. Owner

Question 47

Materials for delivery may be broadly classified as:

Answer 47

1. Bulk Materials 2. Standard Off-the-shelf Materials 3. Fabricated Members

Question 48

materials in natural or semi-processed state that are usually encountered in large quantities, such as earth or concrete.

Answer 48

Bulk Materials

Question 49

materials that can easily be stockpiled

Answer 49

Standard Off-the-shelf Materials

Question 50

materials pre-processed in a shop to simplify field erection

Answer 50

Fabricated Members