5 - Productivity: Labor, Materials and Equipment Flashcards
The selection of the ___________ often affects the required amount of time and effort to finish a project.
appropriate type and size of construction equipment
It has major influence on the efficiency and profitability of a construction operation.
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Criteria for equipment selection:
- capability to perform the required work
- profitability
- possibility of future use
- availability of parts and service
Used to dig and transport earth materials
Major Parts: (Excavation)
- Carrier or mount
- -• Truck/Wheel mount
- -• Crawler mount - Cab
- -• Revolving
- -• Non-revolving - Attachment
designed for excavation below grade
Back Hoe
Back Hoe Major attachments:
- Bucket
- Auger
- Breaker
used to lift, transport and/or load earth materials
Pay Loader/Loader
tractor mounted with earth-moving blade
Bulldozer/Dozer
small wheel loader having rigid axles and superior maneuverability
Skid-Steer Loader
most common construction hauling equipment
Rear-Dump Truck
Loading and Hauling Equipments
- Pay Loader/Loader
- Bulldozer/Dozer
- Skid-Steer Loader
- Rear-Dump Truck
an equipment primarily used for lifting, lowering and transporting loads
Crane
Factors affecting safe lifting capacity:
- Operating radius
- Use of outriggers
- Amount of counterweight
- Condition of supporting surface
Major Types of Crane
• Tower Crane -- • Luffing jib -- • Horizontal jib -- • Articulated jib • Gantry Crane • Truck-mounted Crane -- • Telescopic Boom Crane -- • Boom Truck • Crawler-mounted Crane
used to drive pre-fabricated piles into the earth
Pile-driving
Pile-driving Equipment:
- Vibratory
* Hammer
used to bore holes for cast-in-place piles
Bored Piling
The function of ______ is to produce higher density in soil mechanically.
compaction equipment
The basic forces used in compaction are _______
static weight, kneading, impact and vibration.
The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the:
properties of soil,
its moisture content,
the thickness of the soil layer for compaction and
the method of compaction.
Compaction and Grading Equipments
Vibratory Roller
Tamper/Jumping Jack
Plate Compactor
uses vibration and weight to compact layers of soil along a path
Vibratory Roller
small impact-type compactor used in confined areas
Tamper/Jumping Jack
hand-driven compactor also used in confined areas
Plate Compactor
widely used to operate pneumatic equipment
Compressor
Common pneumatic tools:
- Concrete vibrators
- Drills
- Jack hammer
- Sandblasting gun
- Breakers
Compressed Air, Pumps and Other Construction Tools
Pumps
Line Pump
Concrete Pump/Pumpcrete
–used to remove water in excavations and to supply water for multiple uses
Pumps
used to pump concrete to areas that are difficult to reach by concrete mixer
Line Pump
used in vertical construction to pump fresh concrete to higher floors
Concrete Pump/Pumpcrete
defined as the output per labor hour
Productivity
Productivity may be expressed in terms of:
- Functional units (m3 per day, etc)
* Constant peso/dollar (pesos per hour, etc.)
Expressing productivity in functional units:
Lower-level measurement
• Higher-level measurement
useful in monitoring individual activities (e.g. cubic meters of concrete per hour)
Lower-level measurement
useful in setting industry-wide standards of performance (e.g. kilometers of road paved per hour)
• Higher-level measurement
Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity
- Labor Characteristics
- Project Work Condition
- Non-Productive Activities
used to assess worker quality and contribution
Labor Characteristics
Labor Characteristics
- age, skill and experience of the workforce
* leadership and motivation of the workforce
Project Work Condition
- job size and complexity
- job site accessibility
- local climate
- local cultural characteristics
- equipment utilization
- contractual agreements
Non-Productive Activities
• indirect labor for maintaining the progress of the project
• rework for correcting unsatisfactory work
• temporary work stoppage due to:
–• inclement weather
– • material shortage
• absentee time, including late start and early dismissal
• non-working holidays
defined as the ratio of direct labor hours devoted to the completion of a project to the potential labor hours
Productive Labor Yield
______ are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a job site by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield
Direct labor hours
_____ represent a major expense in construction
Materials
Poor materials management can result in large and avoidable costs:
- materials purchased early can tie up capital allocation
- warehousing cost of materials purchased early
- materials may deteriorate during storage and may be stolen
- materials purchased late may delay certain activities
Insuring a__________ is an important concern of project managers.
timely flow of material
Material Procurement
- Contractor (traditional)
2. Owner
Materials for delivery may be broadly classified as:
- Bulk Materials
- Standard Off-the-shelf Materials
- Fabricated Members
materials in natural or semi-processed state that are usually encountered in large quantities, such as earth or concrete.
Bulk Materials
materials that can easily be stockpiled
Standard Off-the-shelf Materials
materials pre-processed in a shop to simplify field erection
Fabricated Members
