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Estimates > 5 - Productivity: Labor, Materials and Equipment > Flashcards

5 - Productivity: Labor, Materials and Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

The selection of the ___________ often affects the required amount of time and effort to finish a project.

A

appropriate type and size of construction equipment

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2
Q

It has major influence on the efficiency and profitability of a construction operation.

A

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

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3
Q

Criteria for equipment selection:

A
  • capability to perform the required work
  • profitability
  • possibility of future use
  • availability of parts and service
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4
Q

Used to dig and transport earth materials

A

Major Parts: (Excavation)

  1. Carrier or mount
    - -• Truck/Wheel mount
    - -• Crawler mount
  2. Cab
    - -• Revolving
    - -• Non-revolving
  3. Attachment
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5
Q

designed for excavation below grade

A

Back Hoe

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6
Q

Back Hoe Major attachments:

A
  1. Bucket
  2. Auger
  3. Breaker
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7
Q

used to lift, transport and/or load earth materials

A

Pay Loader/Loader

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8
Q

tractor mounted with earth-moving blade

A

Bulldozer/Dozer

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9
Q

small wheel loader having rigid axles and superior maneuverability

A

Skid-Steer Loader

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10
Q

most common construction hauling equipment

A

Rear-Dump Truck

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11
Q

Loading and Hauling Equipments

A
  1. Pay Loader/Loader
  2. Bulldozer/Dozer
  3. Skid-Steer Loader
  4. Rear-Dump Truck
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12
Q

an equipment primarily used for lifting, lowering and transporting loads

A

Crane

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13
Q

Factors affecting safe lifting capacity:

A
  • Operating radius
  • Use of outriggers
  • Amount of counterweight
  • Condition of supporting surface
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14
Q

Major Types of Crane

A 
• Tower Crane
-- • Luffing jib
-- • Horizontal jib
-- • Articulated jib
 • Gantry Crane
 • Truck-mounted Crane
-- • Telescopic Boom Crane
-- • Boom Truck
 • Crawler-mounted Crane
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15
Q

used to drive pre-fabricated piles into the earth

A

Pile-driving

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16
Q

Pile-driving Equipment:

A
  • Vibratory

* Hammer

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17
Q

used to bore holes for cast-in-place piles

A

Bored Piling

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18
Q

The function of ______ is to produce higher density in soil mechanically.

A

compaction equipment

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19
Q

The basic forces used in compaction are _______

A

static weight, kneading, impact and vibration.

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20
Q

The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the:

A

properties of soil,
its moisture content,
the thickness of the soil layer for compaction and
the method of compaction.

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21
Q

Compaction and Grading Equipments

A

Vibratory Roller
Tamper/Jumping Jack
Plate Compactor

22
Q

uses vibration and weight to compact layers of soil along a path

A

Vibratory Roller

23
Q

small impact-type compactor used in confined areas

A

Tamper/Jumping Jack

24
Q

hand-driven compactor also used in confined areas

A

Plate Compactor

25
Q

widely used to operate pneumatic equipment

A

Compressor

26
Q

Common pneumatic tools:

A
  • Concrete vibrators
  • Drills
  • Jack hammer
  • Sandblasting gun
  • Breakers
27
Q

Compressed Air, Pumps and Other Construction Tools

A

Pumps
Line Pump
Concrete Pump/Pumpcrete

28
Q

–used to remove water in excavations and to supply water for multiple uses

A

Pumps

29
Q

used to pump concrete to areas that are difficult to reach by concrete mixer

A

Line Pump

30
Q

used in vertical construction to pump fresh concrete to higher floors

A

Concrete Pump/Pumpcrete

31
Q

defined as the output per labor hour

A

Productivity

32
Q

Productivity may be expressed in terms of:

A
  • Functional units (m3 per day, etc)

* Constant peso/dollar (pesos per hour, etc.)

33
Q

Expressing productivity in functional units:

A

Lower-level measurement

• Higher-level measurement

34
Q

useful in monitoring individual activities (e.g. cubic meters of concrete per hour)

A

Lower-level measurement

35
Q

useful in setting industry-wide standards of performance (e.g. kilometers of road paved per hour)

A

• Higher-level measurement

36
Q

Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity

A
  • Labor Characteristics
  • Project Work Condition
  • Non-Productive Activities
37
Q

used to assess worker quality and contribution

A

Labor Characteristics

38
Q

Labor Characteristics

A
  • age, skill and experience of the workforce

* leadership and motivation of the workforce

39
Q

Project Work Condition

A
  • job size and complexity
  • job site accessibility
  • local climate
  • local cultural characteristics
  • equipment utilization
  • contractual agreements
40
Q

Non-Productive Activities

A

• indirect labor for maintaining the progress of the project
• rework for correcting unsatisfactory work
• temporary work stoppage due to:
–• inclement weather
– • material shortage
• absentee time, including late start and early dismissal
• non-working holidays

41
Q

defined as the ratio of direct labor hours devoted to the completion of a project to the potential labor hours

A

Productive Labor Yield

42
Q

______ are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a job site by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield

A

Direct labor hours

43
Q

_____ represent a major expense in construction

A

Materials

44
Q

Poor materials management can result in large and avoidable costs:

A
  • materials purchased early can tie up capital allocation
  • warehousing cost of materials purchased early
  • materials may deteriorate during storage and may be stolen
  • materials purchased late may delay certain activities
45
Q

Insuring a__________ is an important concern of project managers.

A

timely flow of material

46
Q

Material Procurement

A
  1. Contractor (traditional)

2. Owner

47
Q

Materials for delivery may be broadly classified as:

A
  1. Bulk Materials
  2. Standard Off-the-shelf Materials
  3. Fabricated Members
48
Q

materials in natural or semi-processed state that are usually encountered in large quantities, such as earth or concrete.

A

Bulk Materials

49
Q

materials that can easily be stockpiled

A

Standard Off-the-shelf Materials

50
Q

materials pre-processed in a shop to simplify field erection

A

Fabricated Members

Estimates (6 decks)

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