4 - Building Structure and Systems

Question 1

generally defined as an enclosed structure for human occupancy

Answer 1

Building

Question 2

Priority of building structures

Answer 2

1. Load-bearing systems
2. Exterior walls
3. Interior walls
4. Linings, claddings
5. Plants, equipment

Question 3

Aside from the typical vertical load-resisting structures, design criteria for building structures are based on __________

Answer 3

structural systems used.

Question 4

Structural systems are categorized based on:

Answer 4

 the material of construction
 the way in which lateral forces are resisted, and
 the relative quality of seismic resistant design

Question 5

defines the main character of design

Answer 5

Exterior Walls

Question 6

most components are adequately attached to supporting structures (load-bearing systems)

Answer 6

Exterior Walls

Question 7

can be as simple as masonry walls to complex curtain walls

Answer 7

Exterior Walls

Question 8

are used to divide spaces inside the building

Answer 8

Interior Walls

Question 9

placing of such is governed by building and fire codes

Answer 9

Interior Walls

Question 10

• can be masonry walls, timber partitions, light-weight panels like gypsum and ficem board, glass, modular partitions and laminates

Answer 10

Interior Walls

Question 11

• the application of one material over another to provide skin or layer intended to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for aesthetic purposes

Answer 11

Cladding

Question 12

• does not necessarily have to provide a waterproof condition but is instead a control element

Answer 12

Cladding

Question 13

• are semi-permanent building features that supports the operation of a facility

Answer 13

Plant/Equipment

Question 14

• examples are escalators and elevators, HVAC, generators and substations, MEPF system

Answer 14

Plant/Equipment

Question 15

The _____ is where the building structure is being built. It should be a well-planned area that considers mobility and function of the construction process.

Answer 15

Building Site

Question 16

The _____ decides the allocation of areas in a construction site.

Answer 16

project manager

Question 17

The ______ can make significant improvements in the cost and time savings during the construction process without involving a mass of additional work.

Answer 17

site-based management

Question 18

The role of site managers is to ________ and then taking actions to rectify situations where performance is unsatisfactory.

Answer 18

control and maintain work performance

Question 19

Site planning in particular, has been the ____ aspect in the construction industry and the attitude of the engineers has been that it will be done as the project progress.

Answer 19

most neglected

Question 20

_______, in general, is a complex optimization problem.

Answer 20

Layout planning

Question 21

There are two general objectives which planners should seek to meet through careful organization of the site for construction:

Answer 21

1. the site must be designed to maximize efficiency of operations in order to promote worker productivity, to shorten project time and to reduce cost
2. the final plan must create a project with a good work environment in order to attract and retain the best personnel and thus contribute to better work quality and productivity

Question 22

Construction site layout involves:

Answer 22

 identifying, sizing, and placing temporary facilities
 identifying staging areas
 locating mobility points and transportation routes
 locating equipment setup

Question 23

Common Problems at Building Site

Answer 23

 Material stacks wrongly placed
 Plant and equipment wrongly located
 Inadequate space allowed
 Temfacil wrongly located

Question 24

Site Layout Planning Elements

Answer 24

 Safety 
-- Fire prevention 
-- Medical services
--  Personnel safety 
 Site Accessibility
  Information Signs
  Security 
---- Entrance 
---- Lighting
---- Fencing
 Accommodation 
 Offices 
 Water supply and sanitation
  Material handling 
 Storage and site cleaning

Question 25

Building component that rests on earth

Answer 25

Substructure

Question 26

Building component that rests on substructure

Answer 26

Superstructure

Question 27

Part of the building that transfers all the load of the building to the earth underneath

Answer 27

Foundation

Question 28

Types of Substructure

Answer 28

 Foundation  Slab-on-grade  Earth-retaining structures

Question 29

Types of Superstructure

Answer 29

 Suspended slab  Suspended beams and girders  Columns  Roof

Question 30

Types of Footing

Answer 30

```  Shallow foundation --  Isolated footing --  Combined footing --  Spread/Mat footing  Deep foundation -- Driven piles -- Bored piles  Footing tie beam  Wall Footing ```

Question 31

Method of Installation Shallow foundation

Answer 31

 No formwork on the bottom  Either rests on gravel or lean concrete  Rebar installation will start with concrete spacer blocks  Side forms only, separated from the rebar by spacer blocks  After curing, backfill and compact

Question 32

Method of Installation Driven Pile

Answer 32

 Piles to be driven are prefabricated  Delivered at site with varying lengths according to order  Test piles (if necessary) are driven first  Pile-driving with the necessary equipment  Excess length of pile that cannot be driven further are manually hacked using jack hammer  Rebars exposed from cutting the excess length will be integrated with the pile cap/footing

Question 33

Method of Installation Bored Pile

Answer 33

 Boring equipment will bore a hole into the soil  Soil from boring will not be used again  Prefabricated rebar is placed at the bored hole  Concrete is poured at the hole  Excess length will be hacked  Rebars exposed from cutting the excess length will be integrated with the pile cap/footing

Question 34

Used to hold the earth in place permanently or temporarily

Answer 34

Other earth-retaining structures  Retaining wall  Sheet piles  Soil nail

Question 35

Method of Installation Sheet pile

Answer 35

 Sheet metals are delivered at site  Necessary equipment (mounted vibratory hammer) is used to drive the sheet piles on the soil  After complete installation, excavation of the critical soil will proceed  At strategic points, wailer supports are placed to prevent sheet piles from overturning due to active soil pressure

Question 36

Method of Installation Soil nail

Answer 36

 Soil retaining structure is built (abutment, retaining wall, precast concrete fence)  Soil is bored at an angle  Post-tensioning tendons/cables are inserted in the hole  Hole is bombarded with pressurized grout  After curing, the tendons/cables are stressed to obtain the necessary pull applied on the retaining structure

Question 37

Flooring that directly rests on the ground

Answer 37

Slab-on-grade

Question 38

Process: Slab-on-grade

Answer 38

```  Soil compaction  Gravel bedding  Damproofing (polyethylene sheet)  Rebar installation  Concrete pouring  Floor finishing ```

Question 39

Directly carries the dead load and live load of the building and transfers the load to the beams and girders

Answer 39

Suspended Slab

Question 40

Carries the slab and transfers the load to the girders

Answer 40

Intermediate Beam

Question 41

Carries the intermediate beams and some of the slab directly attached to it, transfers the load to the columns

Answer 41

Girder

Question 42

The main load-bearing structure that carries the girders and transfers all the load to the foundation

Answer 42

Column

Question 43

Column that is not directly connected to the foundation is called _________

Answer 43

planted column

Question 44

Method of Installation Superstructure (Column)

Answer 44

 Column rebars are erected  Spacer blocks are installed  Column formworks are installed  Concrete is poured for several lifts

Question 45

Method of Installation Superstructure (Girders, Beams and Slab)

Answer 45

 Scaffolds are installed to support the formworks  Bottom forms are installed (including slab) --- Conventional formworks --- Table forms  Rebars are assembled (girders and beams)  Side forms are erected upon completion of rebars  Slab rebars are installed  Concrete pouring  Floor finishing

Question 46

Used for small construction where reuse of forms is cannot significantly affect the total cost

Answer 46

Plywood

Question 47

Special type of engineered wood with smooth surface (coated with phenolic) to maximize reuse of forms

Answer 47

Phenolic board

Question 48

Scaffoldings are used to support the assembly of phenolic boards to serve as formworks for cast-in-place concrete

Answer 48

Conventional Scaffolding

Question 49

A pre-assembled platform, complete with forms, will serve as formworks assembly for the entire project

Answer 49

Table Forms

Question 50

Mix for Concrete

Answer 50

water + cement + FA + CA

Question 51

Mix for Mortar

Answer 51

water + cement + FA

Question 52

Mix for Grout

Answer 52

water + cement

Question 53

concrete mixed at the batching plant

Answer 53

Ready-mix concretw

Question 54

concrete mixed on-site

Answer 54

Job-mix concrete

Question 55

Fresh concrete is delivered at site and poured in preassembled formworks

Answer 55

Cast-in-place concrete

Question 56

Hardened concrete is delivered at site to act as building components (e.g. pre-cast wall, pre-cast girder)

Answer 56

Pre-cast concrete

Question 57

used if concrete can flow using gravity

Answer 57

Direct pouring

Question 58

used to pump concrete to reach higher levels and hard to reach areas

Answer 58

Pumpcrete

Question 59

Ribbed steel bars of varying sizes and strength

Answer 59

Reinforcing bars