5 Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards
-it is one of the major coordinating systems of the body and concepts regarding this system are important for understanding other systems of the body.
-maintains homeostasis, the body must receives information from the external and internal environment and must respond to that information
The nervous system
It is the central processing unit of the entire nervous system. The brain and spinal cord are part of this
Central Nervous System
-made up of the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
-Each hemisphere is composed of a covering of gray matter and white matter
cerebrum
-It is the covering of gray matter
-arranged as a layer of cells and possesses several areas with specific functions such as the neocortex, white matter fibers, a motor area, and a sensory area.
the cerebral cortex,
only found in mammals is associated with higher brain functions such as conscious behavior.
neocortex
The cortex can be designated into three areas:
- Motor areas
- Sensory areas
- Association areas
*Cortex areas
responsible for the control of voluntary functions,
Motor areas
*Cortex areas
responsible for the perception of various sensations,
Sensory areas
*Cortex areas
areas that integrate the motor and sensory signals.
Association areas
The motor and sensory areas can also be grouped into three projection areas, namely:
Projection areas
Rhinencephalon areas (olfactory and limbic)
Association areas (receive and process information, develop a response, and predict the consequences.)
The white matter fibers of the cortex:
a. Association fibers
b. Projection fibers
c. Commissural fibers
*white matter fibers of the cortex
-allow complex problem-solving and creative thinking.
-also connect different parts of the cortex.
Association fibers.
The parietal and occipital lobe association areas are involved in ____ functions.
cognitive
____ areas are involved with general alertness, intelligence, and temperament,
Frontal association
____ area is involved with learning and memory.
temporal association
*white matter fibers of the cortex
These fibers connect the cortex with subcortical structures and the remainder of the nervous system.
Projection fibers.
*white matter fibers of the cortex
Impulses from these areas in one hemisphere cause muscle movements on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body. Thus, fibers of the cerebral hemispheres cross between hemispheres as?
Commissural fibers.
-the cerebral white matter also includes some deep subcortical nuclei called the
-composed of pools of neurons organized for the control of semi-voluntary movements such as walking and running.
-generally includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (consisting of the pars reticulata and pars compacts), and subthalamic nucleus.
basal nuclei (previously known as ganglia)
in what animal is the cortex poorly developed but the basal nuclei are highly developed.
Birds
limbic system located in the
cerebral white matter
-consists of a group of structures found in the medial region of each cerebral hemisphere.
-Structures include the cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, fornix, anterior nucleus thalamus, and amygdaloid body.
-is involved in emotional and behavioral patterns.
limbic system
functions of the limbic system
(1) establishment of emotional states;
(2) linking of conscious functions with the unconscious, autonomic functions;
(3) long-term memory storage and retrieval.
The rabies virus generally attacks the ____ and results in emotional changes including bouts of terror and rage.
hippocampus
-enables the body to make automatic adjustments to prevent the distortion of inertia and momentum.
-serves as the collecting house for all information regarding the instantaneous physical status of the body.
Cerebellum
