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V Physio 131 > 11 Auditory System > Flashcards

11 Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Hearing involves the (3)

A

external ear

middle ear

inner ear

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2
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the organ of corti in the inner ear and relays auditory impulses to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata

A

cochlear nerve

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3
Q

external ear consists of

A

Pinna (outer visible part)

External acoustic meatus (ear canal/auditory canal)

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4
Q

-Sound waves induce vibration in this part

-separates the external ear from the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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5
Q

The middle ear is an air-filled ____ cavity

A

tympanic

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6
Q

The middle ear communicates with the ____ via the auditory tube, which functions to equalize the pressure in the tympanic cavity with the pressure in the external auditory canal.

A

nasopharynx

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7
Q

What are the auditory ossicles in the middle ear

A

malleus

incus

stapes

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8
Q

ossicle that is attached to the tympanic membrane

A

malleus

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9
Q

the footplate of the stapes fits into the ____ in the bony wall between the middle and inner ear.

A

vestibular window

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10
Q

What provide a mechanical linkage between the tympanic membrane and the vestibular window.

A

The ossicles

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11
Q

Where is the sensory receptor for hearing located

A

inner ear

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12
Q

The bones that form a bent lever

A

malleus and incus

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13
Q

Importance of the bent lever design in the middle ear

A

-magnifies the vibratory pressure of the tympanic membrane transmitted to the stapes essential as the sound waves are transferred from air to fluid medium in the inner ear.

-it decreases the amplitude of sound waves at the vestibular window which protects the sensitive sensory cells of the organ of Corti.

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14
Q

The inner ear contains the sensory organs for (what systems)

A

auditory system

vestibular systems

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15
Q

The cochlea is composed of three tubular chambers?

A

vestibular duct (scala vestibuli)

cochlear duct (scala media)

tympanic duct (scala tympani).

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16
Q

Parts of the cochlea that are connected by helicotrema and are filled with fluid called perilymph, which has a high concentration of Na+ ions.

A

Scala vestibuli

Scala tympani

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17
Q

The scala vestibuli at the basal end faces the ____ window, whereas the scala tympani faces the ____ window.

A

vestibular window

cochlear window

18
Q

What lies between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani and is filled with endolymph (K+)

A

cochlear duct (scala media)

19
Q

-What is the sensory organ for the auditory system

-It lies within the cochlea, separating the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

A

Organ of the Corti

20
Q

The cochlear duct (scala media) is separated from the scala vestibuli by the

A

vestibular membrane

21
Q

The cochlear duct (scala media) is separated from the scala tympani by the

A

basilar membrane

22
Q

-are referred to as sensory hair cells because of their stereocilia at the apical surface

-have 50–100 stereocilia on their apical surface.

A

Sensory cells

23
Q

-they are connected at the tips of the stereocilia

-is composed of filamentous material, where one end is attached to the side of the stereocilium and the other end to the distal end of the adjacent shorter stereocilium.

-It is speculated that it is attached to a K+ channel that enables K+ channels to open when bending of the stereocilia pulls it apart.

A

tip links

24
Q

-a gelatinous structure composed primarily of glycoproteins, overlies the sensory cells, embedding the tips of the longest stereocilia of sensory hair cells.

-Because of this structural arrangement, vibratory movement of the basilar membrane causes stereocilia of the sensory hair cells to bend. The hair cells translate this mechanical bending of stereocilia into voltage changes in the cell membrane.

A

tectorial membrane

25
Q

Sensory hair cells have a resting intracellular potential of about __ mV.

A

–70 mV

26
Q

____ tones selectively distort the basilar membrane close to the base of the cochlea

A

High-frequency

27
Q

____ tones distort the basilar membrane from the base to an intermediate region

A

intermediate

28
Q

____ tones tend to distort the entire basilar membrane with a maximum displacement of the membrane occurring near the apex of the cochlear duct

A

low-frequency

29
Q

collects the sound waves into the external meatus

A

Pinna or auricle

30
Q

What ossicle makes contact with the oval window (vestibular window), causing it to vibrate

A

stapes

31
Q

If the hair cells shear toward the kinocilia, the hair cell is ____, whereas shearing away from the kinocilia causes ____

A

depolarized

hyperpolarization

32
Q

*Central Pathway for Hearing

Auditory signals from the organ of Corti ascend through the cochlea and several relay nuclei in the ____ to reach the thalamus and auditory cortex

A

brainstem

33
Q

The primary sensory neurons are

A

bipolar cells

34
Q

*Central Pathway for Hearing

Central processes of bipolar cells form the ____ as they leave the cochlea

A

cochlear nerve

35
Q

*Central Pathway for Hearing

The cochlear nerve carries auditory signals to the ____ in the medulla oblongata

A

cochlear nuclei

36
Q

*Central Pathway for Hearing

Fibers from the dorsal nucleus of the trapezoid body form the ____

These fibers decussate to join the ____

A

acoustic stria

lateral lemniscus

37
Q

*Central Pathway for Hearing

Fibers from the ventral cochlear nucleus proceed ventrally to form the ____ at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata.

A

trapezoid body

38
Q

*Central Pathway for Hearing

Almost all ascending auditory fibers terminate in the ____ of the midbrain.

A

caudal colliculus

39
Q

*Central Pathway for Hearing

Sound information is processed by the ____ before reaching the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.

A

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

40
Q

is necessary for decoding and feature extraction of complex auditory information

A

auditory cortex

41
Q

The middle ear reflex (also referred to as the acoustic stapedius reflex) protects the sensory cells by reflexively ____ the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles in response to loud sounds

A

contracting

42
Q

-The middle ear reflex is described as?

-loud sound to one ear also triggers the reflex in the opposite ear. This is done by sending signals from the cochlear nuclei to the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the trapezoid body

A

bilateral

V Physio 131 (26 decks)

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