3 Chemical Composition of the Cell

Question 1

The cells are composed of chemicals. These chemicals can be divided into two groups namely:

Answer 1

organic compounds

inorganic compounds

Question 2

It is the most biologically important inorganic compound in the body

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

The total body water is about __% of the body weight and is distributed mainly between two compartments, namely: ____

Answer 3

60%

Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid.

Question 4

The extracellular fluid is divided into

Answer 4

interstitial fluid

blood plasma.

Question 5

-another small compartment of fluid (in the extracellular fluid) which includes fluid in the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular spaces, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid

-This compartment is usually considered to be a specialized type of extracellular fluid, but its composition may differ markedly from that of the plasma or interstitial fluid.

Answer 5

transcellular fluid

Question 6

-Fluids found inside the cells

-considered to be one large fluid compartment.

Answer 6

intracellular fluid

Question 7

intracellular fluid constitutes about __% of total body weight.

Answer 7

40%

Question 8

The intracellular fluid contains only small quantities of

Answer 8

sodium

chloride ions

and almost no calcium ions.

Question 9

intracellular fluid contains large amounts of

Answer 9

potassium

phosphate ions

moderate quantities of magnesium and sulfate ions,

Question 10

Fluids outside of the cell

Answer 10

extracellular fluid

Question 11

extracellular fluid account for about __% of the total body fluid.

Answer 11

20%

Question 12

The two largest compartments of the extracellular fluid are

Answer 12

interstitial fluid (3⁄4 of the ECF)

plasma which (1⁄4 of the ECF)

Question 13

It is the fluid component of blood and exchanges constantly with interstitial fluid through the pores of the capillary membrane.

Answer 13

plasma

Question 14

ECF contains large amounts of

Answer 14

sodium

chloride ions

bicarbonate ions

Question 15

ECF contains small quantities of

Answer 15

potassium

calcium

magnesium

phosphate

organic acid ions.

Question 16

The higher amount of protein in the plasma can be explained by what effect

Answer 16

Donnan effect

Question 17

is vital in the maintenance of homeostasis because it provides the medium where biochemical reactions take place.

Answer 17

Water or fluid

Question 18

is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient where there is no barrier to the free movements of molecules

Answer 18

diffusion

Question 19

is the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane from a fluid of low concentration to a high concentration until two concentrations are equal.

Answer 19

osmosis

Question 20

Inorganic compounds:

Answer 20

Minerals

Acids and Bases

Question 21

Organic compounds:

Answer 21

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Question 22

*Minerals

The principal cations in the body are

Answer 22

sodium

potassium

calcium

magnesium

Question 23

*Minerals

the principal anions are

Answer 23

chloride and bicarbonate

Question 24

Sodium and chloride are mainly found in the ____,
while potassium is mainly found in the ____.

Answer 24

Extracellular Fluid

Intracellular Fluid

Question 25

what are important minerals stored in the bone tissue

Answer 25

Calcium phosphorus magnesium

Question 26

Mineral that is essential in body processes such as blood clotting, nerve conduction, and, muscle contraction

Answer 26

Calcium

Question 27

is a compound that can release hydrogen ions when dissolved in solution

Answer 27

acid

Question 28

is a compound that can accept hydrogen ions.

Answer 28

base

Question 29

Two organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 29

Carbohydrates Lipids

Question 30

What is the most common simple sugar

Answer 30

glucose.

Question 31

What are the simple sugars included in carbohydrates

Answer 31

glucose fructose galactose

Question 32

simple sugars or monosaccharides can join together to form complex sugars such as

Answer 32

polysaccharides.

Question 33

-are utilized as both structural components in cells and as precursor molecules for energy production. -contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 33

Carbohydrates

Question 34

is one of the most essential sources of glucose in monogastric animals

Answer 34

glycogen (which is a polysaccharide)

Question 35

volatile fatty acids such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate are converted into glucose via ____ and supply the precursors for fatty acid synthesis and energy production.

Answer 35

gluconeogenesis

Question 36

-include fats which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. -contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 36

Lipids

Question 37

-this yield a large amount of energy. -Aside from its importance in energy storage, other functions include insulation of the body itself and nerves, formation of the cell membrane, and steroid synthesis.

Answer 37

Fats

Question 38

-long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. -contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. -may also contain other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, and iodine.

Answer 38

Proteins

Question 39

Ten or more linked amino acids are called

Answer 39

polypeptides

Question 40

greater than 50 amino acids are called

Answer 40

proteins.

Question 41

What are the classifications of the R groups

Answer 41

acidic basic uncharged polar non-polar

Question 42

four types of protein structures.

Answer 42

primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure

Question 43

is a linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide.

Answer 43

primary structure

Question 44

is a repeating pattern in the structure of the peptide chain (a-helix).

Answer 44

secondary structure

Question 45

is a three-dimensional folding of the secondary structure.

Answer 45

tertiary structure

Question 46

is a three-dimensional arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide.

Answer 46

quaternary structure

Question 47

Proteins generally fall into one of two groups which are

Answer 47

globular proteins fibrous structural proteins

Question 48

are functional proteins associated with cellular chemical reactions. These proteins include hormones and enzymes.

Answer 48

globular proteins

Question 49

-are required in most chemical reactions. -organic catalysts that speed up and control chemical reactions in the body.

Answer 49

Enzymes

Question 50

Proteins that include keratin, collagen, and elastin.

Answer 50

fibrous structural proteins.

Question 51

are produced from combinations of nucleotides,

Answer 51

Nucleic acids

Question 52

Three elements of nucleotides

Answer 52

phosphate group pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose) nitrogen-containing base (either a purine or a pyrimidine).

Question 53

three types of pyrimidines:

Answer 53

cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil

Question 54

two types of purine

Answer 54

adenine (A) and guanine (G).

Question 55

____ is unique to DNA, and ____ is unique to RNA.

Answer 55

Thymine uracil