3 Chemical Composition of the Cell Flashcards
The cells are composed of chemicals. These chemicals can be divided into two groups namely:
organic compounds
inorganic compounds
It is the most biologically important inorganic compound in the body
Water
The total body water is about __% of the body weight and is distributed mainly between two compartments, namely: ____
60%
Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid.
The extracellular fluid is divided into
interstitial fluid
blood plasma.
-another small compartment of fluid (in the extracellular fluid) which includes fluid in the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular spaces, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid
-This compartment is usually considered to be a specialized type of extracellular fluid, but its composition may differ markedly from that of the plasma or interstitial fluid.
transcellular fluid
-Fluids found inside the cells
-considered to be one large fluid compartment.
intracellular fluid
intracellular fluid constitutes about __% of total body weight.
40%
The intracellular fluid contains only small quantities of
sodium
chloride ions
and almost no calcium ions.
intracellular fluid contains large amounts of
potassium
phosphate ions
moderate quantities of magnesium and sulfate ions,
Fluids outside of the cell
extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid account for about __% of the total body fluid.
20%
The two largest compartments of the extracellular fluid are
interstitial fluid (3⁄4 of the ECF)
plasma which (1⁄4 of the ECF)
It is the fluid component of blood and exchanges constantly with interstitial fluid through the pores of the capillary membrane.
plasma
ECF contains large amounts of
sodium
chloride ions
bicarbonate ions
ECF contains small quantities of
potassium
calcium
magnesium
phosphate
organic acid ions.
The higher amount of protein in the plasma can be explained by what effect
Donnan effect
is vital in the maintenance of homeostasis because it provides the medium where biochemical reactions take place.
Water or fluid
is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient where there is no barrier to the free movements of molecules
diffusion
is the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane from a fluid of low concentration to a high concentration until two concentrations are equal.
osmosis
Inorganic compounds:
Minerals
Acids and Bases
Organic compounds:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
*Minerals
The principal cations in the body are
sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
*Minerals
the principal anions are
chloride and bicarbonate
Sodium and chloride are mainly found in the ____,
while potassium is mainly found in the ____.
Extracellular Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
what are important minerals stored in the bone tissue
Calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
Mineral that is essential in body processes such as blood clotting, nerve conduction, and, muscle contraction
Calcium
is a compound that can release hydrogen ions when dissolved in solution
acid
is a compound that can accept hydrogen ions.
base
Two organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
Lipids
What is the most common simple sugar
glucose.
What are the simple sugars included in carbohydrates
glucose
fructose
galactose
simple sugars or monosaccharides can join together to form complex sugars such as
polysaccharides.
-are utilized as both structural components in cells and as precursor molecules for energy production.
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
is one of the most essential sources of glucose in monogastric animals
glycogen (which is a polysaccharide)
volatile fatty acids such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate are converted into glucose via ____ and supply the precursors for fatty acid synthesis and energy production.
gluconeogenesis
-include fats which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids
-this yield a large amount of energy.
-Aside from its importance in energy storage, other functions include insulation of the body itself and nerves, formation of the cell membrane, and steroid synthesis.
Fats
-long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
-contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
-may also contain other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, and iodine.
Proteins
Ten or more linked amino acids are called
polypeptides
greater than 50 amino acids are called
proteins.
What are the classifications of the R groups
acidic
basic
uncharged polar
non-polar
four types of protein structures.
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
is a linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide.
primary structure
is a repeating pattern in the structure of the peptide chain (a-helix).
secondary structure
is a three-dimensional folding of the secondary structure.
tertiary structure
is a three-dimensional arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide.
quaternary structure
Proteins generally fall into one of two groups which are
globular proteins
fibrous structural proteins
are functional proteins associated with cellular chemical reactions. These proteins include hormones and enzymes.
globular proteins
-are required in most chemical reactions.
-organic catalysts that speed up and control chemical reactions in the body.
Enzymes
Proteins that include keratin, collagen, and elastin.
fibrous structural proteins.
are produced from combinations of nucleotides,
Nucleic acids
Three elements of nucleotides
phosphate group
pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)
nitrogen-containing base (either a purine or a pyrimidine).
three types of pyrimidines:
cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil
two types of purine
adenine (A) and guanine (G).
____ is unique to DNA,
and ____ is unique to RNA.
Thymine
uracil
