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V Physio 131 > 3 Chemical Composition of the Cell > Flashcards

3 Chemical Composition of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

The cells are composed of chemicals. These chemicals can be divided into two groups namely:

A

organic compounds

inorganic compounds

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2
Q

It is the most biologically important inorganic compound in the body

A

Water

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3
Q

The total body water is about __% of the body weight and is distributed mainly between two compartments, namely: ____

A

60%

Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid.

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4
Q

The extracellular fluid is divided into

A

interstitial fluid

blood plasma.

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5
Q

-another small compartment of fluid (in the extracellular fluid) which includes fluid in the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular spaces, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid

-This compartment is usually considered to be a specialized type of extracellular fluid, but its composition may differ markedly from that of the plasma or interstitial fluid.

A

transcellular fluid

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6
Q

-Fluids found inside the cells

-considered to be one large fluid compartment.

A

intracellular fluid

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7
Q

intracellular fluid constitutes about __% of total body weight.

A

40%

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8
Q

The intracellular fluid contains only small quantities of

A

sodium

chloride ions

and almost no calcium ions.

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9
Q

intracellular fluid contains large amounts of

A

potassium

phosphate ions

moderate quantities of magnesium and sulfate ions,

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10
Q

Fluids outside of the cell

A

extracellular fluid

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11
Q

extracellular fluid account for about __% of the total body fluid.

A

20%

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12
Q

The two largest compartments of the extracellular fluid are

A

interstitial fluid (3⁄4 of the ECF)

plasma which (1⁄4 of the ECF)

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13
Q

It is the fluid component of blood and exchanges constantly with interstitial fluid through the pores of the capillary membrane.

A

plasma

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14
Q

ECF contains large amounts of

A

sodium

chloride ions

bicarbonate ions

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15
Q

ECF contains small quantities of

A

potassium

calcium

magnesium

phosphate

organic acid ions.

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16
Q

The higher amount of protein in the plasma can be explained by what effect

A

Donnan effect

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17
Q

is vital in the maintenance of homeostasis because it provides the medium where biochemical reactions take place.

A

Water or fluid

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18
Q

is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient where there is no barrier to the free movements of molecules

A

diffusion

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19
Q

is the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane from a fluid of low concentration to a high concentration until two concentrations are equal.

A

osmosis

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20
Q

Inorganic compounds:

A

Minerals

Acids and Bases

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21
Q

Organic compounds:

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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22
Q

*Minerals

The principal cations in the body are

A

sodium

potassium

calcium

magnesium

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23
Q

*Minerals

the principal anions are

A

chloride and bicarbonate

24
Q

Sodium and chloride are mainly found in the ____,
while potassium is mainly found in the ____.

A

Extracellular Fluid

Intracellular Fluid

25
Q

what are important minerals stored in the bone tissue

A

Calcium

phosphorus

magnesium

26
Q

Mineral that is essential in body processes such as blood clotting, nerve conduction, and, muscle contraction

A

Calcium

27
Q

is a compound that can release hydrogen ions when dissolved in solution

A

acid

28
Q

is a compound that can accept hydrogen ions.

A

base

29
Q

Two organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

Lipids

30
Q

What is the most common simple sugar

A

glucose.

31
Q

What are the simple sugars included in carbohydrates

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

32
Q

simple sugars or monosaccharides can join together to form complex sugars such as

A

polysaccharides.

33
Q

-are utilized as both structural components in cells and as precursor molecules for energy production.

-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

34
Q

is one of the most essential sources of glucose in monogastric animals

A

glycogen (which is a polysaccharide)

35
Q

volatile fatty acids such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate are converted into glucose via ____ and supply the precursors for fatty acid synthesis and energy production.

A

gluconeogenesis

36
Q

-include fats which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.

-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Lipids

37
Q

-this yield a large amount of energy.

-Aside from its importance in energy storage, other functions include insulation of the body itself and nerves, formation of the cell membrane, and steroid synthesis.

A

Fats

38
Q

-long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

-contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

-may also contain other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, and iodine.

A

Proteins

39
Q

Ten or more linked amino acids are called

A

polypeptides

40
Q

greater than 50 amino acids are called

A

proteins.

41
Q

What are the classifications of the R groups

A

acidic

basic

uncharged polar

non-polar

42
Q

four types of protein structures.

A

primary structure

secondary structure

tertiary structure

quaternary structure

43
Q

is a linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide.

A

primary structure

44
Q

is a repeating pattern in the structure of the peptide chain (a-helix).

A

secondary structure

45
Q

is a three-dimensional folding of the secondary structure.

A

tertiary structure

46
Q

is a three-dimensional arrangement of more than one tertiary polypeptide.

A

quaternary structure

47
Q

Proteins generally fall into one of two groups which are

A

globular proteins

fibrous structural proteins

48
Q

are functional proteins associated with cellular chemical reactions. These proteins include hormones and enzymes.

A

globular proteins

49
Q

-are required in most chemical reactions.

-organic catalysts that speed up and control chemical reactions in the body.

A

Enzymes

50
Q

Proteins that include keratin, collagen, and elastin.

A

fibrous structural proteins.

51
Q

are produced from combinations of nucleotides,

A

Nucleic acids

52
Q

Three elements of nucleotides

A

phosphate group

pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)

nitrogen-containing base (either a purine or a pyrimidine).

53
Q

three types of pyrimidines:

A

cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil

54
Q

two types of purine

A

adenine (A) and guanine (G).

55
Q

____ is unique to DNA,
and ____ is unique to RNA.

A

Thymine

uracil

V Physio 131 (26 decks)

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