5. Examine the upper airway of the horse, induce cough, and summarise the findings

Question 1

What is the border of upper and lower airways?

Answer 1

The bifurcation of the trachea

Question 2

What to observe, to get a general impression of the horse?

Answer 2

1. Behaviour
2. Posture
3. Gait
4. Body condition
5. Abnormal sounds/noises, breathing

Question 3

Strucutres/areas of physical exam of airways:

Answer 3

1. Nose and paranasal sinus
2. Guttural pouches
3. Cough
4. Larynx
5. Trachea
6. Thorax

Question 4

Physical methods of examination of airways:

Answer 4

1. Inspection
2. Smell
3. Palpation
4. Auscultation
5. Percussion

Question 5

How to/steps of examination the nose:

Answer 5

1. Physical method
2. Normal findings
3. Nasal discharge
4. Expired air

Question 6

Physical method of examining the nose:

Answer 6

1. Direct auscultation
2. Percussion on the bones with the tip of the middle finger

Question 7

normal findings of examining the nose:

Answer 7

1. Temperature of the region is equal to the surroundings
2. Palpation is not painful
3. Percussion sound is sharp, bone like

Question 8

nasal discharge of examining the nose:

Answer 8

1. Is it continous or temporary
2. Uni- or bilateral
3. Amount of discharge (mild, moderate, severe)
4. Quality, colour, smell
5. Origin

Question 9

Examples of origin of nasal discharge:

Answer 9

1. Nose
2. Paranasal sinus
3. Pharynx
4. Guttural puch
5. Trachea
6. Lung
7. Stomach

Question 10

Expired air of examining the nose, observations:

Answer 10

1. Intensity of the airflow
2. Temperature of the airflow
3. Smell of expired air
4. Normal findings:
5. Medium strength and temperature
6. Odour is characteristic, not unpleasant
7. Airflow is symmetrical bilateral

Question 11

Physical examination of paranasal sinuses:

Answer 11

1. Inspection
2. Palpation
3. Percussion (flexed middle finger)

Question 12

Normal findings of paranasal sinuses:

Answer 12

1. Skin is intact, no alopecia or abnormal shape
2. Temperature is equal to the surroundings
3. Palpation is not painful
4. Percussion sound is sharp, bone like

Question 13

Which sinus is most commonly affected?

Answer 13

Maxillary sinus

In case of:
- Primary disease
- Disease of the upper cheek teeth

Question 14

What separates the rostral and caudal maxillary sinus?

Answer 14

The septum.
The sinuses almost totally communicate

Question 15

What is a guttural pouch?

Answer 15

They are sacs of air that expand from the Eustachian tube, with one on each side of the horse’s head.

Question 16

Name the different guttural pouches:

Answer 16

1. Rostral maxillary sinus
2. Caudal maxillary sinus
3. Dorsal conchal sinus
4. Frontal sinus
5. Ethmoidal sinus
6. Sphenoplatinale sinus

Question 17

Where can we find the guttural pouches?

Answer 17

Between the base of the skull, atlas and pharynx

Question 18

Which structure splits the guttural pouches?

Answer 18

Stylohyoid bone.

Question 19

Normal findings of guttural pouch:

Answer 19

1. The skin is intact, so no alopecia is seen
2. Temperature is equal to the surroundings
3. Palpation is not painful
4. Percussion sound is resonant

Question 20

Normal findings of larynx:

Answer 20

1. Temperature is equal to the surroundings
2. No alterations on palpation
3. Very mild stridor on auscultation

Question 21

Normal findings of trachea:

Answer 21

1. The skin is intact, so no alopecia is seen
2. Temperature is equal to the surroundings
3. No alterations on palpation
4. Laryngeal noise is audible in a weaker form on
   auscultation

Question 22

Normal findings of cough:

Answer 22

1. No spontaneous cough
2. Difficult or impossible to induce cough

Question 23

Characteristics of an induced cough:

Answer 23

induced cough is:
1. Strong
2. Sharp
3. Low
4. Short
5. Dry
6. Non painful
7. Snapping
8. Doesn´t reoccur

Question 24

How to induce a cough:

Answer 24

1. Press the arytenoid cartilage of the larynx
2. Press the first tracheal rings

Question 25

Which characteristics to find of a cough:

Answer 25

1. Frequency.
2. Intensity
3. Tone
4. Occurrence
5. Duration
6. Amount of secretion
7. Pain