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Equine final practical exam - Internal > 10. Examine the oral cavity, pharynx, and oesophagus of the horse, and summarise the findings. Interpret the gastroscopic findings of the horse > Flashcards

10. Examine the oral cavity, pharynx, and oesophagus of the horse, and summarise the findings. Interpret the gastroscopic findings of the horse Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of disease:

A
  1. Inappetence & weight loss
  2. Painful chewing & swallowing
  3. Swollen face
  4. Salivation
  5. Nasal discharge
  6. Head shaking
  7. Quidding = horse stores bolus of food inside mouth or drops it after a few bites
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2
Q

Physical examination of oral cavity, without sedation:

A

Limited possibilities.
1. External palpation through cheeks
2. Inspection with tongue hanging out
3. Mouth gag can be used

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3
Q

Physical examination of oral cavity, with sedation:

A
  1. Less stressfull for horse
  2. More detailed examination
  3. Mouth rinse recommended
  4. Endoscopy: pharynx, oesophagus, guttural pouch
  5. Nasogastric tubing and gastroscopy: Stomach
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4
Q

What to examine in the oral cavity:

A
  1. Mucous membranes
  2. Look for abnormal odor & saliva
  3. Teeth
  4. Tongue
  5. Salivary glands: Parotis, Mandibular gland, Sublingual gland, Buccal gland
  6. Pharynx
  7. Oesophagus
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5
Q

Name some oral cavity diseases:

A
  1. Dysphagia = difficulties with swallowing and/or eating
  2. Stomatitis: inflammation of oral mucous membrane
  3. Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue
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6
Q

Pharyngeal diseases:

A
  1. Pharyngeal collapse
  2. Pharyngeal cyst
  3. Congenital defects: Choana atresia feks
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7
Q

Oesophageal diseases, congenital:

A
  1. Oesophageal duplication cyst
  2. Persistent right aortic arch
  3. Idiopathic megaoesophagus
  4. Congenital stenosis
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8
Q

Oesophageal diseases, acquired:

A
  1. Obstruction (most common)
  2. Foreign body
  3. Compression
  4. Gastroesophageal reflux
  5. Stricture
  6. Diverticula
  7. Trauma, perforation
  8. Granulation tissue
  9. Neoplasia
  10. Megaoesophagus
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9
Q

Name the salivary glands of a horse:

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Mandibular gland
  3. Sublingual gland
  4. Buccal gland
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10
Q

Examination of salivary glands:

A
  1. Inspection: sweeling etc
  2. Palpation
  3. Ultrasound
  4. Needle aspiration (cytology, culture)
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11
Q

Diseases of salivary glands:

A
  1. Salivary gland laceration
  2. Sialadenitis = inflammation of the salivary gland
  3. Sialolithiasis = salivary stones -> obstruction
  4. Neoplasia = melanoma in grey horses especially
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12
Q

Examination of pharynx:

A
  1. Inspection
  2. Videoendoscopy during treadmill
  3. Ultrasound
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13
Q

Diseases of pharynx:

A
  1. DDSP (Dorsal Displacement Soft Palate) = the caudal free margin of the soft palate moves
    dorsal to the epiglottis, creating a functional obstruction within the airway. Clinical signs: breathing through mouth, vibrating noise during expiration
  2. Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia.
  3. Pharyngeal collapse
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14
Q

Pharyngeal collapse:

A

Rostral: upper respiratory expiratory noise, because of rostral soft palate billowing

Dorsal/Lateral: respiratory inspiratory noise

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15
Q

Choana Atresia:

A
  1. Seldom malformation
  2. Persistent buccopharyngeal membrane
  3. Associated with failure to resorb the bucconasal membrane during embryonic development
  4. 2 forms:
    * Unilateral: - Can be asymptomatic at rest and Surgical intervention at age 1-2 years
    * bilateral: - Tracheotomy, then laser-resection & stenting
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16
Q

Examination of oesophagus:

A
  1. Palpation, eg. Check for foreign bodies
  2. Nasogastric tubing
  3. Endoscopy
  4. Radiography (plain, contrast)
  5. Ultrasound
  6. Blood chemistry (in case of rupture): hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia (due to ptyalism) leukocytosis, left shift…
17
Q

Predilection site of disease/problem with the esophagus:

A
  1. Cervical part
  2. Thoracic inlet
  3. Base of heart
  4. Gastric cardia
18
Q

Types of diseases/problems with esophagus:

A
  1. Intraluminal - eg. Foreign bodies
  2. Extraluminal - eg. tumours
  3. intramural (within the oesophagus wall) - eg.
    abscess, granuloma, tumour, cyst, stenosis
19
Q

Name disease/problems with esophagus:

A
  1. Obstruction
  2. Oesophagitis
    3.
20
Q

Obstruction of oesophagus:

A
  1. Most common oesophageal problem
  2. Caused by feed impaction
  3. Treatment: seadative, nasogastric tube, oesophageal lavage,
21
Q

Oesophagitis:

A

= inflammation of the oesophagus

Caused by: trauma, reflux, mural abscess
Treatment: omeprazole feks, diet

22
Q

Preparations for gastroscopy:

A
  1. 12hrs fasting prior to examination
  2. Sedatives
  3. restraint
  4. inflate stomach with air to facilitate the examination - decompress after!!
23
Q

Anatomical structures of stomach:

A
  1. Volume: 5-15L
  2. Location: left side, intrathoracic area
  3. Blind sac
  4. Major curvature
  5. Minor curvature
  6. Pylorus
24
Q

Blind sac of stomach:

A

= pars non-glandularis
* Located in the cardiac region
* Covered in non-glandular epithelium
* This area rarely contains ulcers

25
Q

Major curvature of stomach:

A
  • Covered by white non-glandular mucosa (pars non-glandularis) dorsally and pink glandular mucosa (pars glandularis) ventrally, separated by the Margo plicatus
  • Gastric ulcers are most commonly found at the margo plicatus
26
Q

Minor curvature of the stomach:

A
  • Once you can see the endoscope exiting the esophageal opening, the curvatura minor
    can be viewed
  • Pay close attention to the area under the lip of the lesser curvature, gastric ulcers may
    be present in this region
27
Q

Pylorus of the stomach:

A
  • May be difficult to find, due to presence of feed material & gastric fluid
  • Proximal duodenum can also be examined
28
Q

Pathological findings of the stomach:

A
  1. Hyperkeratosis
  2. Hyperaemia
  3. Ulcerations
  4. Larvae
  5. Fibrin
  6. Neoplasia
29
Q

Hyperkeratosis of stomach:

A
  • Reddening or yellowing of the mucosa
  • Irregular changes in the thickness of the mucosa
30
Q

Hyperaemia of stomach:

A
  • Reddening of the mucosa
31
Q

Ulcerations of stomach:

A

Caused by stress, NSAIDs

Equine final practical exam - Internal (11 decks)

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