4. Demonstrate the examination of the lymph nodes and mucous membranes of the horse and summarise the findings

Question 1

Physical methods of examining lymph nodes:

Answer 1

1. Inspection
2. Palpation (both external and internal)

Question 2

Secondary diagnostic methods of examination of lymph nodes:

Answer 2

1. Fine needle aspiration
2. Biopsy
3. Surgical excision
4. Diagnostic imaging: ultrasound, endoscopy

Question 3

Which lymph nodes are palpable in a normals horse?

Answer 3

1. Mandibular lymph nodes
2. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 4

Which lymph nodes are palpable only if they are enlarged?

Answer 4

1. Lateral retropharyngeal lymph node

Question 5

Which lymoh nodes are palpable in case of rectal palpation?

Answer 5

1. Iliosacral lymph node
2. Mesenteric lymph node

Question 6

Characterisitcs of mandibular lymph nodes:

Answer 6

• Unique shape and structure
• Y- Shape
• Lobulated, lentil to pea sized lobules

Question 7

Which mucosae do we examine?

Answer 7

1. Oral
2. Conjunctiva
3. Nasal
4. Anal
5. Genital

Question 8

Normal findings of mucousa:

Answer 8

1. Light pink
2. Smooth (conjunctiva: mildly wrinkled)
3. Shiny
4. Moist
5. Intact
6. Blood vessels barely visible
7. Capillary refill time < 2 sec

Question 9

Abnormal findings on mucousa membrane:

Answer 9

1. Pale, white
2. Dark pink, red, dirty red
3. Shades of yellow
4. Petetchiae
5. Strangles
6. Tumour
7. Rectal prolapse

Question 10

Pale, white mucousa membrane?

Answer 10

Anaemia. Blood loss

Question 11

Dark pink, red, dirty red mucosae membrane?

Answer 11

• Endotoxin shock
• Colitis
• Grass sickness
• Small intestinal strangulation