5. demography (f&h)

Question 1

what are the demographic changes in birth rates?

Answer 1

-gov plan policies with regard to social policy, allocation of scarce resources, land etc, need accurate info on pop. trends
-gov able to work out how many school, hospitals housing etc theyll need + number of ppl to run them
-estimate necessary welfare benefits bill

Question 2

what is demography?

Answer 2

study of population . info on population obtained from sources like office for national statistics

Question 3

what are the 4 main factors which influence a countrys population?

Answer 3

-births
-deaths
-immigration
-emigration

Question 4

what are key demographic changes since 1901?

Answer 4

-pop=32 million
-birth rate= 29:1000 pa
-death rate= 18.4;1000 pa
-total f.r= 3.5
-life expectancy= 50 men, 57 women

Question 5

what are key demographic changes since 2021?

Answer 5

-pop.=56 million
-b.r=11.4:1000pa
-total f.r= 1.78
-d.r=9.4:1000pa
-l.e=79 men, 83 women

Question 6

what are some factors causing these demographic changes?

Answer 6

-improved medicine
-vaccines
-cost of children
-quality of food
-tech
safety in workplace
-contraception
-hygiene
-smoking

Question 7

what are the impacts of changes in fertility and birth rates?

Answer 7

-immigration more welcomed when countries pop is falling
-fewer workers= higher wages, can bargain for wages
-more ppl receiving pension & less ppl paying income tax puts pressure on gov

Question 8

what are some push factors for migration?

Answer 8

-escaping poverty/famine
-lack of jobs & unemployment
-effects on wars
-political & religious persecution

Question 9

what are some pull factors for migration?

Answer 9

-better opportunities for jobs
-opportunity to study
-higher standard of living
-better healthcare & education
-more political & religious freedom
-joining relatives

Question 10

what are some push reasons for emigration from the uk?

Answer 10

-better career & job opportunities
-higher earnings
-attraction of better lifestyle
-wanting fresh start

Question 11

what changes came into effect in 2021, impacting migration in the uk?

Answer 11

-free movement came to an end, EU citizens coming to live or work in uk need to apply for visa
-EU citizens already living in uk had to apply to the EU settlement scheme to continue living in the uk
-brexit aimed to reduce levels of migration and give priority to those with highest skills & greatest talents

Question 12

what is the migration impact in the UK?

Answer 12

-population size-uk pop. currently growing, net migration shows this is bc of migration dependency ratio- immigrants more likely to be working age
-economy- migrant workers take unwanted jobs, play key role in provision of healthcare
-age structure- immigration lowers average age of population directly & indirectly
-attitudes- fear + distrust of immigrants

Question 13

what are some reasons for the change in death rates?

Answer 13

-improved hygiene
-working conditions
-health education
-public health
-higher living standards

Question 14

what are some positive impacts of the change in death rates?

Answer 14

-more ppl= better contribution to economy
-grandparents often play important role in unpaid childcare
-lower crime rates due to ageing population

Question 15

what are some negative impacts of the change in death rates?

Answer 15

-strain on nhs= older ppl have more illness
-young ppl cant find homes due to older ppl occupying them
-strain on family=women caring for elderly

Question 16

what does class have to do with the death rates?

Answer 16

-w/c ppl more likely to experience poop working conditions
-w/c less likely to have stable job
-u/c more likely to have better healthcare
-u/c often prioritised
-u/c can afford things they need

Question 17

what does gender have to do with death rates?

Answer 17

-women more likely to have lower paid job & pension
-men 4x more likely to commit suicide
-not fitting into societies gender expectations increases hate crime
-women have more responsibility with children

Question 18

what does ethnicity have to do with death rates?

Answer 18

-people from non-western backgrounds more likely to have poor living standard
-immigrants less likely to have degrees
-white ppl more likely to get cancer
-black african families tend to live longer

Question 19

what are some ONS findings?

Answer 19

-2007-11=men + women in w/c had similar life expectanct to u/cin 1982-86
-w/c women expected to live 4.2 years longer than w/c men
-average life expectancy for men inc more than women

Question 20

what are positive impacts of the ageing population?

Answer 20

-lawton= new market, purchasing power of older ppl contributes to economy
-older ppl more law abiding= lower crime rates
-more older ppl play role in community as they retire
-grandparents provide unpaid childcare

Question 21

what are negative impacts of ageing population?

Answer 21

-growing burden of independence
-more poverty
-caring for elderly falls to women who already carry dual burden
-rising cost of nhs due to older ppl having more illness
-isolation + loneliness as friends & partners die
-young ppl have difficulty finding homes due to older ppl occupying them