5. Cellular injury. Types of degeneration. Acute reversible cellular damage (cellular swelling). Hydropic degeneration Flashcards
What is Cellular Degeneration / Injury?
Complex Pathological Process
DUE to Tissue Damage
Where Cellular Metabolism LEADS to Structural Changes
What is Cellular Degeneration Classified into?
- According to Area Infected
- According to Accumulating Substance
- According to Influence of Genetic Factors
- According to Dissemination of Process
- According to Reversibility of Process
1| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Area Infected?
a. Parenchymatous Degeneration
b. Stromal Degeneration (Extracellular; Interstitial + Mesenchymal)
c. Mixed
2| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Accumulating Substance?
a. Protein Degeneration
b. Fatty Degeneration
c. Carbs Degeneration
d. Degeneration in Salt + Fluids
3| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Influence of Genetic Factors?
a. Acquired Degeneration
b. Hereditary Degeneration
4| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Dissemination of Process?
a. Local Degeneration
b. General Degeneration
5| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Reversibility of Process?
a. Reversible Cell Injury
b. Irreversible Cell Injury
5a| What is Acute / Reversible Cell Injury?
Cell RETURNS to Normal State
AFTER WITHDRAWAL of Acute Stress
Manifested by Cell Swelling / Oedema
What is Hydropic Degeneration?
CLOUDY / VACUOLAR / BALLOON
Water Accumulation within Cytoplasm of the Cell
MOST COMMON of All Cell Injuries
A TRANSITORY State to –> another form of Cell Damage
What are the Etiological Factors of Hydropic Degeneration?
Bacterial Toxins
Chemicals
Poisons
Burns
High Fever
Hypoxia
What is the Pathogenic Mechanism of Hydropic Degeneration?
Impaired Function of Na+ / K+ Pump in Cell Membrane
RESULTS in RAPID Intracellular Accumulation of Na+
AND LEAKAGE of K+ OUTSIDE of Cell
LEADS to RAPID Flow of Water INTO Cytoplasm
What is Macroscopic / Gross Appearance of Hydropic Degeneration?
Affected Organs = Kidney / Liver / Heart Muscle
Cut Surface BULDGES OUTwards + Slightly Opaque
Soft Consistency
Reduced Elasticity
What are 3 Microscopic Stage of Hydropic Degeneration?
1) Cloudy Swelling = Swollen Cells w/ Pale Cytoplasm + Compressed Microvasculature
2) Vacuolar Degeneration = Small, Clear Vacuoles are seen in Cytoplasm w/ DISTENDED CISTERNAE of Granular ER
3) Balloon Degeneration = Extremely ENLARGED Cells / Homogenous / Optically EMPTY
Is Cellular Oedema Reversible?
Reversible = Cause is IMMEDIATELY Rectified / Removed
Irreversible = Cause STREGTHENS + Progresses to Balloon Stage (3), LEADING to Cellular Death
What are the 6 Ultrastructural Changes in Hydropic Swelling?
- Dilation of ER
- Detachment of Ribosomes from Granular ER
- Dissociation of Polysomes –> Monosomes
- Mitochondria Swelling + Enlargement
- Blebs of Plasma Membrane
- Nucleolar Alterations w/ Disaggregation of Granular + Fibrillar Elements
