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General Pathology > 4. Cell injury. Definition. Categories of cellular injury. Causal factors. Pathogenetic anti Morphogenetic mechanisms. > Flashcards

4. Cell injury. Definition. Categories of cellular injury. Causal factors. Pathogenetic anti Morphogenetic mechanisms. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 19th Century Dominant Humoral Theory?

A

Diseases occurred DUE to IMBALANCE between 4 Fluids:

  • Blood
  • Black Bile
  • Yellow Bile
  • Phlegm
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2
Q

Who was Considered the ‘Father of Modern Pathology’?

A

RUDOLPH VIRCHOW

Confirmed BASE of All Diseases is DUE to Cellular Damage (Small Unit of Life)

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3
Q

What is a Cell?

A

Smallest Unit of Life aka Building Block

Containing Fundamental Molecules of Life + All Living Things are Composed

Dependent on Homeostasis = Stability of Internal Environment

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4
Q

What is the Role of a Cell?

A

Has a GENETIC Structure

ALLOWING to perform a NARROW RANGE of Functions + Structural Changes

When Pathological Stimuli Occurs = CAUSES Adaptive Response in Cell, providing stability + energy of Cells under new conditions

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5
Q

What is Cellular Damage?

A

When Adaptive Response of Cell has EXCEEDED / LIMITED / NO LONGER Possible

REVERSIBLE to an extent

IRREVERSIBLE = STRONG Damaging Agent / PROLONGED Action

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6
Q

What does the Reaction of Cells to Damage, Depend on?

A

Type

Duration

Severity of Injurious Stimuli

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7
Q

What are the Main Functions of a Cell?

A
  • Metabolism Regulation
  • Cellular Differentiation + Specialisation
  • Relations with Other Cells
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8
Q

What is Cellular Degeneration / Injury?

A

Complex Pathological Process

DUE to Tissue Damage

Where Cellular Metabolism LEADS to Structural Changes

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9
Q

What is Cellular Degeneration Classified into?

A
  1. According to Area Infected
  2. According to Accumulating Substance
  3. According to Influence of Genetic Factors
  4. According to Dissemination of Process
  5. According to Reversibility of Process
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10
Q

1| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Area Infected?

A

a. Parenchymatous Degeneration
b. Stromal Degeneration (Extracellular; Interstitial + Mesenchymal)
c. Mixed

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11
Q

2| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Accumulating Substance?

A

a. Protein Degeneration
b. Fatty Degeneration
c. Carbs Degeneration
d. Degeneration in Salt + Fluids

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12
Q

3| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Influence of Genetic Factors?

A

a. Acquired Degeneration

b. Hereditary Degeneration

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13
Q

4| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Dissemination of Process?

A

a. Local Degeneration

b. General Degeneration

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14
Q

5| How is Cellular Degeneration Classified, According to Reversibility of Process?

A

a. Reversible Cell Injury

b. Irreversible Cell Injury

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15
Q

5a| What is Acute / Reversible Cell Injury?

A

Cell RETURNS to Normal State

AFTER WITHDRAWAL of Acute Stress

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16
Q

5a| What are the Characteristics of Reversible Cell Injury?

A
  • Hydropic Changes = Oedema / Swelling
  • Dilation of ER
  • Detachment of Ribosomes from Granular ER
  • Dissociation of Polysomes –> Monosomes
  • Mitochondria Swelling + Enlargement
  • Blebs of Plasma Membrane
  • Nucleolar Alterations w/ Disaggregation of Granular + Fibrillar Elements
17
Q

5b| What is Irreversible Cellular Injury?

A

Presented VIA Necrosis + Apoptosis

18
Q

5b| What are the Characteristics of Irreversible Cell Injury?

A

Targets 4 Intercellular Systems that are VULNERABLE

(i) Maintenance of Cell Membrane Integrity
(ii) Aerobic Respiration = Oxi.Phospho + ATP Production
(iii) Structural Enzyme + Protein Synthesis
(iv) Maintenance of Cell’s Genetic Apparatus Integrity

19
Q

What are the Causes for Cellular Damage?

A
  1. Genetic Causes

2. Acquired Causes

20
Q

2| What are the Acquired Causes of Cell Damage, Classified into?

A

a. Hypoxia
b. Physical Agents
c. Chemical Agents
d. Environmental Agents
e. Nutritional Derangement
f. Infectious Agents
g. Immunological Responses
h. Iatrogenic Factors

21
Q

2a| How does Ischaemia & Hypoxia Lead to Cell Damage?

A

INSUFFICIENT Blood Supply LEADS to Anaemia

Hypoxia Occurs in People WITH Anaemia

LEAD to CO Poisoning / HF + RF

22
Q

2b| What Physical Agents can Lead to Cell Damage?

A

Mechanical Trauma

Extremely High / Low Temp

Sudden Change in Atm Conditions

IR / UV

Electrical Trauma

23
Q

2c| What Chemical Agents can Lead to Cell Damage?

A

Strong Acids + Bases

Salts of Heavy Metals

Extremely HIGH Levels of OXYGEN

24
Q

2e| How does Nutritional Derangement Lead to Cell Damage?

A

Malnutrition

  • Undernutrition
  • Overnutrition
25
Q

2f| What Infectious Agents Lead to Cell Damage?

A

Parasites

Viruses

Bacteria

Fungal Infections

26
Q

2g| What Immunological Responses Leads to Cell Damage?

A

Allergic Reaction

Autoimmune Reactions = Immune System loses ability to differentiate BTW Foreign + Own bodies; Attacking itself

27
Q

2h| How do Iatrogenic Factors Lead to Cell Damage?

A

DUE to Treatment

28
Q

What are the 4 Pathogenetic Causes of Cellular Damage?

A
  1. Disrupted Auto-Regulation of Cell
  2. Disruption of Functions of Transport Systems
  3. Damages to Endocrine + Neurological Systems
  4. “Intrauterine Degenerations” = where Damaging Factor is transferred to Foetus VIA Placenta
29
Q

What are the 5 Mechanisms of Cellular Damage?

A
  1. Lack of Oxygen / HIGH Free O2 Radicals = Free OR are Unstable w/ Odd e- N.O LEADING to Lipid Peroxidation
  2. Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis = LOW Conc of Ca2+ in Cytoplasm; Hypoxia Causes INCREASED Ca2+ Influx, ACTIVATING Powerful Enzymes LEADING to Self-Destruction (3)
  3. Enzymatic Self-Destruction = Phospholipases DESTROY CM; Proteases DESTROY CM + Cytoskeletal Protein; ATP accelerates REMOVAL of ATP; Endonucleases DESTROY Nucleic Acids
  4. Removal of ATP DUE to Ischaemic Changes
  5. DEFECT in Membrane Permeability DUE to Bacterial Toxins (C.Perfringens produce PHOSPHOLIPASE attacking Ph-Cell Membrane)
30
Q

What are the 4 Mechanisms of Abnormal Accumulation of Substances in cells?

{Morphogenesis of Intracellular & Stromal Degeneration)

A
  1. Infiltration = Pathologically INCREASED Reabsorption of Cells / Abnormal Factors in ECM
  2. Decomposition = Disintegration of Membranous Structures of Cells
  3. Pathological Synthesis = Synthesis of Amyloid / Alcoholic Hyaline / Glycogen in Henle’s Loop (DM)
  4. Transformation INTO other Structures

General Pathology (13 decks)

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