1. Subject, tasks and methods of pathology

Question 1

What is Pathology?

Answer 1

Scientific Study OF

Structure + Function of Body in Diseases

Devoted to study Structural + Functional Changes in Cells / Tissues / Organs

THAT Underlie Diseases

Question 2

What 4 Types of Pathological Study?

Answer 2

1. Cause of the Disease = Etiology
2. Mechanisms of its Development = Pathogenesis
3. Structural Alterations of Cells, Organs + Tissues of Body = Morphological Changes
4. Functional Consequences of Morphological Changes = Clinical Significance

Question 3

What are the 7 Pathological Methods of Examination?

Answer 3

1. Light + Electron Microscopy
2. Histochemistry
3. Immunohistochemistry
4. Phase Contrast
5. Cytophotometry
6. Autoradiography
7. Morphometry

Question 4

3| What is Immunohistochemistry?

Answer 4

DETECTS Antigen localised in Cell

USING Specific Antibody

Reaction = BROWN

Question 5

What are the 4 Main Pathological Methods?

Answer 5

1. Biopsy
2. Necropsy
3. Cytology
4. Autopsy

Question 6

1| What is Biopsy?

Answer 6

Live Microscopic Investigation

OF Surgically Removed Tissues / Samples

TAKEN VIA
- Puncture

• Endoscopy (BM, Liver, Kidney, Lung, Myocardium, Stomach + Intestines)
• Spontaneously Exfoliated Cellular Material

Question 7

1| What are the Different Types of Biopsy?

Answer 7

a. Excision = ENTIRE Removal of SMALL Lesions
b. Incision = ENTIRE Removal of Lesion is IMPOSSIBLE due to Size / Location
c. Punch Biopsy = Mostly in Dermatology, using Cylindrical Knife
d. Shave Biopsy = Used in NON-TUMOUR Skin Lesions
e. Curettage = Mostly in CAVITIES where Piece of Sample is ALREADY DETACHED
f. Puncture Biopsy = With / Without Aspiration
g. Intraoperative Biopsy Consultation = Emergency Diagnosis to Estimate Size / Extent, USING a Freezing Microtome

Question 8

2| What is a Necropsy?

Answer 8

Microscopic Examination of Tissue

FROM a DEAD Bosy

Question 9

3| What is Cytology?

Answer 9

Screening Test for EARLY Diagnosis

OF Inflammatory + Tumours of DIFFERENT Localisations

Slides prepared quickly + non-invasive

E.g. PAP Test / Sputum Smear / Pleural Puncture

Question 10

3| Cytological tests are _________, so must be verified by __________________ examination.

Answer 10

Uncertain

Histological

Question 11

3| What is the Importance of a Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy?

Answer 11

Diagnoses Lesions

FROM Breasts, Lymph Nodes, Thyroid + Salivary Glands

Question 12

3| What are the Steps of Preparing a Histological Sample?

Answer 12

A. Fixation = Preserving the Structure of Tissues TO Closest State in Living Organism; 10% Formalin; 4% Formaldehyde; Other Fixatives (Alcohol, Carnoy’s, Muller’s + Zenkers’)

B. Cutting + Shaping the Sample; Shaped into Cubes for Formalin; Saturate for 24hr BEFORE Autolysis Occurs

C. Paraffin Embedding

D. Sectioning on Paraffin Microtome into Thin Slices; 3-5 micrometres

E. Routine Staining = Hematoxylin + Eosin; Nuclei (Blue); Cytoplasm (Red)

F. Special Staining = Prove Certain Substances in Cells

Question 13

3F| What are the Special Staining to Prove Certain Substances?

Answer 13

• Sudan III = Lipids (Orange)
• Perl’s Reaction = Hemosiderin (Prussian Blue)
• Toluidine Blue = Acidic Muco-PS / Glucosaminoglycans (Pink/Violet); Surrounding Tissue (Blue)
• PAS Reaction w/ PAS Control = Glycogen + Neutral Muco-PS (Pink/Purple)
• Van Gieson = Collagen / Muscles (Red/Yellow)
• Congo Red OR Methyl-Violet = Amyloid (Red)

Question 14

4| What is an Autopsy?

Answer 14

Performed AFTER 4th Hr of Death

Biological Death Signs are Visible = Livores / Rigor Mortis / Algor Mortis / Dessicatio

Bulgarian Law = All Who Died IN Hospital ARE OBJECT of Autopsy

Question 15

4| What is the Purpose of an Autopsy?

Answer 15

• Final Diagnosis
• Cause of Death
• Study Therapeutic Response to Treatment
• Educate Docs involved in Treatment