5. Attitudes Flashcards
What’s the word that describes attitudes? (Azjen)
favourableness
What are the 3 ABC components of attitudes?
affect (feelings)
behaviour
cognition (perception)
Where can attitudes come from?
society - norms/observations/conditioning
experiences
What are the 2 ways of measuring attitudes?
explicit - deliberate, asking
implicit - observing, unconscious
3 examples of attitudes not always predicting behaviour:
binge drinking (Norman et al)
car texting (Atchley)
recycling
When do attitudes best predict behaviour? (3)
strong attitudes
specificity matches
less social influence
What are the factors of Azjen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action?
behavioural beliefs
normative beliefs (what’s expected)
outcome evaluation
subjective norms
motivation too comply
What are subjective norms?
behaving the way we assume people close to us would want us to
What’s perceived behavioural control?
(like self-efficacy)
how much someone thinks they’re capable/in control
What did Webb say about the intention-behaviour gap?
Even strong intentions correlate with behaviour only 1/2 the time
What’s another limitation of the TPB
can’t predict spontaneous behaviours as much
What are the 2 norms that make up the ‘perceived norm’?
(Azjen)
(covid example)
injunctive - whether behaviour should be done
descriptive - whether others are doing the behaviour
(eg staying at home in covid - you should, but are others?)
What’s cognitive dissonance?
conflicting beliefs, not consistent - leads to emotional distress
What does Festinger say we do to dissonance in the cognitive dissonance theory?
try to reduce the dissonance
What are the IPE reasons for dissonance?
insufficient justification
post-decisional dissonance (saying no to good outcome decisions)
effort justification
What is insufficient justification?
Festinger paid $1 or $20
when someone finds an internal justification for their behaviour because there isn’t an external justification
What is post-decision dissonance?
Brehm objects
increasing the positive things about your decision, exaggerating the negative things about the options you rejected (to make yourself feel better etc)
What is effort justification?
Aronson sex screenings
acting like something was better than it was because you put a lot of effort into it - otherwise, dissonance/sad
What’s confirmation bias?
trying to find stuff that confirms what we already think
4 ways to reduce dissonance:
change attitudes
reduce importance eg by rationalising
find new info that outweighs dissonance
self-affirmation (delusion lol)
