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AA2 Zooth 214 (ANIMAL WELFARE) > 5 - Assessing Animal Welfare - Physiological Measures > Flashcards

5 - Assessing Animal Welfare - Physiological Measures Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly explain/show the sequence which drive the animal’s overall experiences.

A
  1. Gets sensory information from environment.
  2. Evaluates the sensory input in accordance of experiences or genetics, etc.
  3. Evaluation can be positive (e.g. pleasure), negative (e.g. fear), or neutral.
  4. Based from the emotion derived from evaluation the body will respond behaviorally and physiologically.
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2
Q

preserve the internal cellular environment which is essential for life

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

pH level of blood in dogs and cats?

A

7.35 and 7.45

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4
Q

Second result of the adaptive process.

A

brain has new information against which to interpret future sensory input

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5
Q

main categories of physiological response that may contribute to homeostasis and allostasis

A

stress response, immune response (WBC Count), neurobiological responses, metabolic response

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6
Q

environmental effect on an individual which over-taxes its control
systems and results in adverse consequences, eventually reduced fitness

A

Stress, according to biology.

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7
Q

general term for the threats

A

Stressor

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8
Q

True or False.

Threats that cause stress response can be internal or external.

A

True.

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9
Q

Two main elements of stress response

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
  2. Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis)
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10
Q

It provides the automatic control and regulation of tissues and key
organs including the heart, blood vessels, bowel, kidneys and bladder.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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11
Q

It is part of the autonomic nervous system which allows the animal to engage in a situation after the brain evaluates a sensory input and gives rises to emotions.

A

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System

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12
Q

True or False.

The Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System comprises the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary system. In which sympathetic nervous system is neural and adrenal medullary system is hormonal.

A

True.

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13
Q

Hypothalamus innervates these structures.

A

a. the adrenal medulla
b. smooth muscle
c. the sphincter of the bladder

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14
Q

True or False.

The effect of the neuronal discharge by sympathetic neurons is generalized.

A

False.

Sympathetic neurons supply the smooth muscle within tissues therefore its effect is relatively targeted/specific.

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15
Q

When adrenal medulla neurons stimulates and releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, where does it go?

A

Into the bloodstream to circulate everywhere. Making its effect more generalized, in contrast with sympathetic neurons.

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16
Q

designed to enable an animal to escape an undesirable situation or
to make the most of a favorable one

A

SAM stress response

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17
Q

Give the three examples how SAM activation prepares the body for immediate action.

A

a. increased cardiac output
b. increased blood flow to the muscles
c. increased air intake

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18
Q

In SAM’s activation, what causes the increased cardiac output?

A

the sympathetic arm of the SAM system stimulates the sinoatrial node of the heart

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19
Q

What happens when there is peripheral vasoconstriction and contraction of the spleen?

A

increased blood flow to the muscle

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20
Q

The increased respiratory rate and relaxation of bronchioles in the lungs lead to?

A

Increased air intake

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21
Q

Stress response is brought to an end by what system?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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22
Q

It balances the effects of the sympathetic adrenal medullary system.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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23
Q

It stimulates the release of glucocorticoids into the blood.

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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24
Q

Corticotropic Releasing Hormone causes pituitary gland to release….

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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25
Q

Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH) is released in what part of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

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26
Q

It helps to cope with stressors.

A

Cortisol

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27
Q

Responsible for mobilizing energy stores in the short term, so that the
animal can run away from or fight off any threats, and therefore survive.

A

HPA axis

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28
Q

Glucocorticoids stimulate […] in the liver and suppress insulin secretion.

A

glycogenolysis

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29
Q

enable the animal to act rapidly to deal with the stressor e.g. by running away or fighting

A

raised/increase of glucose level

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30
Q

True or False.

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose increases glucose levels in the blood.

A

True.

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31
Q

There is sensory input to the brain. The brain evaluates it and, if appropriate based on past experience, the stress response is activated. That is, there is communication with the hypothalamus, which:

A

a. activates the SAM system
b. releases CRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH, which causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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32
Q

True or False.

It is only natural that many events in an animal’s life can cause a stress response and this experience does not immediately concern animal welfare.

A

True. Because stress also allows the animal to make positive experiences for survival and avoid threatening situations.

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33
Q

When does exposure of animals to stressors become a concern to animal welfare?

A

When the animal’s body is stressed beyond the capacity of his/her emotional and physical systems to cope.

34
Q

When it leads to adverse alterations in the body tissues which eventually becomes apparent as disease or in reduced production, stress response is called […]

A

maladaptive

35
Q

A stressor where animals are pushed to produce beyond their metabolic or physical limits.

A

Over-exertion

36
Q

related to confinement, such as when laboratory animals or pet birds are kept in small, barren cages without appropriate stimulation such as the presence of conspecifics

A

behavioral deprivation

37
Q

another chronic stressor, e.g. with overcrowding in
pens, or mixing of unfamiliar animals, e.g. at markets

A

social stress

38
Q

Prolong period of stress can cause disease. For example is chronic exposure to glucocorticoids, which reduces production of macrophages and monocytes and reduces circulating numbers of lymphocytes. Since lymphocytes help immune system fight foreign viruses and bacteria, what happens to an animal if their lymphocytes dramatically decreases?

A

It makes the animal more susceptible to infection.

39
Q

An example of this is in young calves that are shipped to market, mixed with other calves during or after the sale, and then shipped on to their new farm. The continuous exposure to hours of stressors (transport, noise, mixing, novelty) makes them more likely to develop respiratory and enteric infections

A

Reduced Immunity

40
Q

Signs of this may not be clinically obvious in the live animal, but can be detected post-mortem e.g. in the kidneys.

A

Hypertension

41
Q

these can also be caused by malnutrition and parasitism as a stress response they may be caused by the catabolic effect of cortisol and adrenaline/noradrenaline in response to other stressors such as bullying by other animals.

A

Lack of growth and weight loss

42
Q

can result in ulcers in the stomach and small intestine because the cortisol causes cell death with thinning of the mucosal lining

A

Chronic Exposure to cortisol

43
Q

normal values can vary quite widely between individual animals within
a breed or species, and it is important to have a well-established normal range

A

Individual differences

44
Q

repeated exposure to the same stimulus can lead to a decrease in catecholamine production on subsequent exposure to the stimulus

A

Habituation

45
Q

repeated exposure to the same stimulus may not result in habituation of the adrenal response, and the response may be more marked, especially if the animal is then exposed to a different stimulus

A

Sensitization

46
Q

enables animals to respond to foreign molecules and organisms

A

Immune Response

47
Q

serves to neutralize invading organisms (e.g. bacteria) or substances (e.g. suture material)

A

Innate response

48
Q

Innate response is mediated by what cells?

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

49
Q

True or False.

The innate response of the immune system is non-specific; it is not affected by vaccination.

A

True.

50
Q

Meditated by Lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune response

51
Q

provide cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

52
Q

produce antibodies

A

b cells

53
Q

response to the proteins in foreign organisms or substances (e.g. viruses, pollens)

A

Humoral Immunity

54
Q

can be modified by exposure to the foreign organism or protein and it responds to vaccination

A

adaptive immune response

55
Q

group of chemical messengers involved in activation and operation of both parts of immune response (innate response and adaptive immune response)

A

Cytokines

56
Q

Examples of Cytokines

A

Interleukin–2
Gamma-interferon (γ-interferon)

57
Q

Give the tissues in the immune system.

A

bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue

58
Q

causes an increase in blood glucose through the breakdown of glycogen from the liver

A

Cortisol

59
Q

results from the anaerobic metabolism of glucose, e.g. when an animal is running very fast to escape a threat, as part of the SAM response

A

Lactic acid

60
Q

a ketone that is produced from the metabolism of fat when there
is not enough glucose available; can happen if animals are subjected to ongoing acute stress, e.g. in transport

A

Beta-hydroxy-butyrate

61
Q

It is increased in preparation for running away, helping to ensure good oxygen delivery to the muscles, and is a result of activation of the SAM system and splenic contraction.

A

Haematocrit

62
Q

It is the total red blood cell count.

A

Haematocrit

63
Q

released into the bloodstream if animals are under extended physical stress

A

Muscle Enzymes

64
Q

It is used to assess an animal’s metabolic response to a particular set of conditions like insulin and thyroid hormones.

A

Metabolic hormones

65
Q

It is used to assess an animal’s metabolic response to a particular set of conditions like insulin and thyroid hormones.

A

Metabolic hormones

66
Q

Why do changes in the immune system in response to stressors tend to make animals more susceptible to disease?

A

The effects on the immune system increase the animal’s risk of getting an infection. (e.g. mastitis in dairy cows)

67
Q

important part of the initial response against respiratory pathogens

A

Neutrophils

68
Q

most commonly associated with welfare changes, and therefore used in
welfare assessment

A

Endorphins

69
Q

not so clearly associated with welfare changes, and therefore less used in assessing welfare. However, both are involved in endogenous pain
management, in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the brain.

A

Enkephalins and Dynorphins

70
Q

Give the three functions of Opioids controlled by their release in the brain.

A

a. stress-induced analgesia
b. controlling the release of several hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands which are involved in the stress response, including ACTH and prolactin
c. the perception of pleasurable stimuli, such as the enjoyment of food

71
Q

a controversial surgical procedure involving the removal of wool-bearing skin around the hindquarters to reduce the risk of fly-strike.

A

Mulesing

72
Q

produced by the pituitary gland and is involved in milk production

A

Prolactin

73
Q

Dogs with generalized anxiety are reported to have much higher […….] than dogs who are less anxious, or normal.

A

prolactin levels

74
Q

decrease in heart rate

A

Bradycardia

75
Q

Examples of diseases due to prolonged exposure to stress:

A

a. Reduced Immunity
b. Hypertension
c. Enlarged Adrenal Gland
d. Lack of growth and weight loss
e. Reduced fertility

76
Q

eliminated in the urine where they are not subject to acute fluctuations

A

Glucocorticoids

77
Q

a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

A

Ketoprofen

78
Q

help to induce certain populations of T cells and overall cellular immunity

A

Cytokines

79
Q

Examples of the adverse effects of stress on the immune system:

A

a. adverse imbalance in populations of T cells
b. inhibition of production of interleukin-2 and γ-interferon

80
Q

involved in modulating emotions and the stress response

A

Prolactin

AA2 Zooth 214 (ANIMAL WELFARE) (8 decks)

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