5

Question 1

what are cancer cells, how do they form and how do cancer cells spread

Answer 1

unspecalised cells that divide and grow rapidly unctrollable to form a tumour

cancer cells form to genetic changes when a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell

cancer cells spread by dividing uncontrollably and spreading to surrounding tissues.

Question 2

An example of an essiental change that causes magliancy

Answer 2

failure in apoptosis

Question 3

a cell infected by a virus can be secreted by

Answer 3

apoptosis if a natural killer cell finds it early enough to destroy and necrosis if the cell goes unchecked for a while

Question 4

apoptotic cells are characterised by and what occurs after apoptosis and what can a failure in apoptosis lead to

Answer 4

A
cell shrinkage, blebbing, condensation of chromatin and fragmentation of DNA nad nucleus

phagocytosis occurs after apoptosis

failure in apoptosis can lead to cancer

Question 5

signal transduction

Answer 5

the process of transferring a signal throughout an organism

Question 6

function of capscase 3

Answer 6

breaks down cytokseleton

Question 7

process death receptor pathway

Answer 7

Caspase enzymes are activated

Organelles begin to breakdown

The cell and nucleus shrinks

Blebbing of the plasma membrane occurs forming apoptotic bodies

Apoptotic bodies are engulfed by phagocytes (immune cell).

Question 8

After caspase enzymes are activated, what happens

Answer 8

cell shrinks/collaspes
DNA condenses and fragments
Blebbing
apopotic bodies break away and phagocytosis occurs

Question 9

stem cell therapy

Answer 9

promotes the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. It

Question 10

steps of embyro development

Answer 10

Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula.

Question 11

Extrinsic factors of apoptosis vs instrinsic factors of apoptosiis

Answer 11

Extrinsic factors of apoptosis are mild cell injury or damage to cell membrane

Instrinsic factors of apopotsis are viral infections or DNA damage

Question 12

Q
The number of cancer cells within the tissue is
rapidly increasing. This increase in the number
of cancer cells can be explained by

Answer 12

impaired signalling from death receptors located on the membrane of the cancer cells.

Question 13

descending limb is only permable to

Answer 13

water

Question 14

what is the ascending limb permeable to

Answer 14

salt

Question 15

how does the nephron filter blood to produce urine

Answer 15

1. filtration formation- blood is squeezed and filtered through the thin walls of the glomerulus into the bowmans capsuel as filtrate which contains water, glucose, ions and urea, whilst larger moleucles such as blood cells and proteins stay in the blood

2.selective reabsorption in the proximal convulted tubule-glucose, amino acids and ions are reabsorbed via active transport, whereas ammonia, creatinine and toxins are secreted into the tubule.

3.water leaves the filtrate by osmosis in the descending limb and salt leaves the filtrate in the ascenidng limb.

4.water reabsorption in the loop of henle, filtrate empties into the collecting duct to create concentrated urine

5.After being produced in the kidneys, the filtrate, now called urine, leaves the kidneys via a tube called a ureter. The ureter carries the urine to the bladder. When ready to be emptied, urine passes out of the urethra.

Question 16

additional excretory functions

Answer 16

lungs,
liver
skin

Question 17

function of liver in excretory system

Answer 17

detoxifies blood of alcholols and drugs,. Breaksdown worn out red blood cells and converts ammonia produced from the metabolism of amino acids into urea, which is much less toxic

Question 18

functionof lungs in excerotry system

Answer 18

eliminates carbon dioxide from thebody

Question 19

why does crabon dioxide needed to be removed from the body

Answer 19

needs to be removed from the blood because it dissolved into the blood forming carbonic acid.

Question 20

function of skin in excerotry system

Answer 20

removes excess water and salts from the body

Question 21

how is ammonia formed

Answer 21

when proteins are metabolised

Question 22

function of chlorpjhyll

Answer 22

absorbs light and aids in photostyesnsis

Question 23

how the nephron filters blood

Answer 23

1. filtration formation- blood is squeezed and filtered through the thin walls of the glomerulus into the bowmans capsuel as filtrate which contains water, glucose, ions and urea, whilst larger moleucles such as blood cells and proteins stay in the blood

2.selective reabsorption in the proximal convulted tubule-glucose, amino acids and ions are reabsorbed via active transport, whereas ammonia, creatinine and toxins are secreted into the tubule.

3.water reabsorbs the filtrate by osmosis in the descending limb and salt and ions are reabsorbed in the ascending limb.

4.water reabsorption in the loop of henle, filtrate empties into the collecting duct to create concentrated urine

5.After being produced in the kidneys, the filtrate, now called urine, leaves the kidneys via a tube called a ureter. The ureter carries the urine to the bladder. When ready to be emptied, urine passes out of the urethra.