2 Flashcards
endosymbiosis theory
the theory that some organelles like mitochondria in eukaryotes from prokaryote due to a mutual relationship.
what memebrane is the hosts and the bacteria’s memebrane in chloroplasts
outer membrane=host
inner membrane=bacteria’s membrane
mitochondrial matrix
protein-rich fluid located in the inner space of mitochondrion
what does mitochondria do in a cell with high energy needs
mitochondria cluster in areas of high energy
where are enzymes for cellular respiration are mainly embedded
cristae
.Why do phagocytic cells contain multiple lysosomes
lysosomes help digest foreign susbtances that are consumed by the phagocytic cells through digestive enzymes
the genetic material of ribosomes
RNA
what kind of DNA does mitochodnria have
circular DNA
Fluid mosaic model
A model that describes the structure of cell membranes
what is constantly moving in the fluid mosaic model
phospholipids, sterols and proteins
what is the cell memrbane structured as
phospholipid bilayer
what can fatty acids be in phospholipids
be saturated (form straight chains) or unsaturated (kinked chains)
Receptor protein
protein molecule that has receptor sites at the end of carb chains that bind with ligands to trigger a series of chemical reactions
)
ligands
specific signal molecules eg. lips, ions and carbohydrates
Transport proteins
Allows speficifc substances to move across a membrane eg. channel and carrier proteins
extracelluar fluid
liquid that supplies nutrients and removes waste found on the outside of cell memrbaen
factors that effect the permeability of the membrane
heat
ph
concentration gradient
what do kinked chains do
prevent the phospholipids from being stacked together hence, increasing and maintaining fluidity even in cold climates
what organelles are composed of a phosplipid bilayer
cell membrane and vesicle
what do receptor sites do
receive signals
Messenger rna
a copy of DNA that carries out instructions to ribosomes for translations
Transfer rna
carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome for translation
surface protein
proteins that are attached to the surface of the membrane that play a role in cell communication
Transmembrane proteins
proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that only allow specific substances across the membrane
Integral proteins
protein that is permanently attached to the cell membrane membrane
Peripheral proteins
temparoolty attached to the cell membrane
4 main types of proteins in cell membrane
vSurface proteins –
Transmembrane proteins
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Types of transmembrane proteins
Receptor protein
Transport proteins
each receptor-ligand pair bind with a lock-and-key fit- to do what?
to allow receptor proteins to become either activated or inactivated leading to an intercellular response
channel protein
type of transport protein that causes ions and water to flow through cell membrane
what diffuses through the cell membrane easily and why
Small non-polar substances because non polar substances attract fat and the cell membrane is made of fat, Also, Small hydrophobic substances because they repel water and attract fat as well.
what else besides polar substances are unable to cross through the cell membrane
Really large substances eg. glucose
vcarrier proteins
type of transport protein that allows water and ions to flow through the membrane. However, unlike a channel protein when a substance enters one side of the carrier protein closes and another opens continuously.
Transcription
Dna is replicated into an mRNA
difference between transcription and translation
transcription occurs first- a copy of DNA is made(mRNA)
Translation:
occurs after transcription
mRNA is read by ribosomes to create proteins
what factors increase perambilty
steeper concentration graident
higher temperatures
PH
what factors increase perambilty
steeper concentration graident
higher temperatures
PH
Proximal convoluted tubules function
erabsorbs ions and 65% of water and is able to secrete toxins and ammonia
Loop of Henle (Loh) function
water is reabsorbed to create concencentrated urine
What process occurs in loop of henle
Water passively diffuses through the descending limb (reabsorption)
This makes the descending limb highly concentrated
This highly concentrated ions will move into the ascending limb where they will be actively pumped out of the tubules
The cycle repeats
What is the loop of henle composedof
composed of
ascending loop of henle
descending loop of henle
Thick asnecnidg limb
Thin descending limb
Distal convoluted tubule function
fine tunes the filtrate by secreting and reabsorbing substances such as water and ions according to the body’s requirement
Collecting duct (CD)function
filters and modifies the waste through reabsorption and secretion
function of nephron:
excretes waste through filtration of blood
