3 Flashcards
why do most biologist consider viruses as non living
bacteria are able to reproduce independently, whereas viruses are not.
bacteria have metabolic processes, whereas viruses do not
bacteria are composed of cells, whereas viruses are not
vwhat is something that both bacteria and viruses do
vevolve
how does the cristae increase the surface area of the membrane
because of its squiggly shape
equation for aerobic celluar respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
vwhere are mitochondria found
only in eukaryotes, prokaryotes dont haveso instead they produce ATP on the surface ofthe cell membrane
va circular chromosome and many small plasmids.
vcelluar respiration happens in the cristae and the greater the surface area, the more celluar respiration that can take place
The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is contained in
a circular chromosome and many small plasmids.
The molecule that is lipid-based and regulates fluidity of the membrane is
cholestrol
what is chromatin
mixture of DNA and protein that forms chromosomes
what are chromosones
made of proteins and a single strand of DNA that carries the genetic material from one cell to another
difference between channel and carrier proteins
they are the same except carrier proteins close one side of the protein when a substance enters and the opposite side opens
What is electron transportation
a process part of cellular respiration that produces ATP
what do carbohydrates do
can help in sending signals and sticking cells together eg. involved in phospholipids sticking onto eachother
what can carbohydrates attach to
proteins and lipids
what is the purpose of the control variable
tocreate a baseline where results can be compared
what is a plant cell composed of
cellulose
What are the 3 functions of the cell membrane
vA
Gie the cell shape and structure
Confine internal contents into one place
Allows substances to enter in and out in a regulated manner
Why is the plasma membrane referred to as semi-permeable.
Small polar substances cannot enter the cell as it repels against the hydrophobic tails and therefore require carrier or channel proteins such as water
Large non polar and polar substances cannot enter the cell as they are too big and therefore require channel or carrier proteins such as glucose
Small non polar substances can pass through the membrane as they are tiny and do not repel the hydrophobic tails
Ions are charged and therefore cannot enter the plasma membrane
function of phospholipid
vhave a role in regulating transport across membranes, and are the structure in which proteins and carbohydrates are embedded
why does the plasma membrane contain receptors
for cell recognition and to recieve signals from other cells
why are proteins embedded in the bilayer
Transport of molecules such as protein channel or carriers
Communication: allows cells to receive signals
what extends outside the cell and what do they do
glycolipids are chains attached to lipids, whilst glycoproteins are chain attached to proteins
these proteins
assist in self recognition to avoid attack from the immune cell and are involved in cell communication
what is and what does chloestrol do
A lipid steroid which regulates fluidity of the plasma membrane
when the temperaure increases cholestrol keeps the plasma membrane intact and prveents it from falling apart whereas when the termpature decreases it prvents phoshoplipids from jjoining too close together to allow for the exchange of substancees
The plasma membrane allows certain substances in and out of the cell based on
size, charge and concentration graident
explain the factors the effect diffusiion
Concentration gradient.
The diffusion distance.
Surface area.
Physical barriers.
passive transport
passive net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lowconcentration.
Isotonic solution
Isotonic solution
Hypotonic solutio
lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell
complete the need more practice with deck on aos 1 flashcards
Osmtoitc pressure
the pressure that pulls fluid into the glomeular capillary from the bowman’s capsule (due to the presence of proteins inthe capillary)
Bowman’s capsule function
Bowman’s capsule function
glomerulus
where the intital filtration of blood occurs and where blood is pumped to kidneys
what organ produces pepsin, what nutrients are digestd, where does this digestion occur, what is the product of this digestion and what is the optimal PH
gastric glands in the stomach
protein
stomach
peptides
1.5(acidic)
what organ produces amylase, what does amylase digest, where does this digestion occur, what is the product of this digestion and what is the optium PH
salivary glands
starch
mouth
maltose
7(neutral)
What organ produces bile salts, what nutrients are digested, where does this digestion occur and what is the product of this digestion and what is the optimal PH
bile salts are produced in the liver
Fats are digested
Occurs in small intestine
product is fat droplets
optimal ph is alkaline
What organ produces trypsin what nutrients are digested, where does this digestion occur and what is the product of this digestion and what is the optimal PH
PANCREAS
proteins
small intestine
amino acids
Alkaline
Lipase
Pancreas
fat droplets
small intestine
fatty acids and glycerol
Alkaline
organs compose dof the excerotory system
liver
kidney
lungs
bladder
skin
process of the excreootry systme
excess amino acids are transported to the liverWHERE deamination occurs to create ammonia(NH3)
ammonia is broken down into urea
urea is transported into the kidneys where it is mixed with water and solutes to form and be excerted out as urine.
NH3 what is and what happens to it
is ammonia which is toxic hterefore it is broken down into urea to be released from the body through deamination
