1 Flashcards
how do ribsoomes produce protein
Involved in the production of
protein by adding
amino acids together to form a
polypeptide chain
describe Mitochondria characterisics including it’s membranes, what it is the site of, what it produces and what of its own does it contain
has 2 memebranes( an inner and outer memebrane)
Site of aerobic cellular
respiration
produces ATP
Contain their own DNA
(mtDNA) and ribosomes
describe the Chloroplasts charactetricitcs inlcuindg membranes, why it uses light energy and what of its own does it contain
memebrane(inner and outer)
Uses light energy to produce glucose for photosytehnsis
Contain own
ribosomes and DNA
vwhat does the Golgi Apparatus
modifies,package and transports proteins into vesicles
describe the Golgi Apparatus characterisitics including what the flattened stacked sacs do to proteins, and why proteins are packaged into vesicles
A
proteins are packaged and modified by the flattened sacs
Proteins are packaged into
vesicles to be transport around the
cell.
what does the Vesicle do
stores substances within a cell or is involved in transporting substances in or out of the cell and between organelles
describe what Lysosomes are, what they are involved in and what they are important for
s Vesicle containing digestive
enzymes
Involved in digesting waste and
foreign material
Important in phagocytosis of
bacteria or apoptosis
(programmed cell death)
describe what a Vacuole is and what they play a role in
A membrane bound sac that stores water and nutrients
Play a role in maintaining
structure in plant cells
Why are cells made to be small?
To be able to exchange nutrients like glucose,
oxygen, carbon dioxide for cellular repair, growth
and reproduction
To maintain the internal environment (pH, water,
the concentration of ions)
To make intracellular transport of molecules faster
what is DNA and what does it do
is the genetic material of the cell that a sends out instructions to create proteins and controls all of the cell’s functions
difference in chrosomes and plamisds for eukaryotes and prokaryotes
prokaryotes have a single circula chromosome and many plasmids
eukaryotes have mutiple linear chromosome
what role does cyostkeleton play
A
Structurally supports and gives shape to a cell. Moves the cell and its components.
Plasmid
small circular DNA found in prokaryotes
function of Ribosomes found on the Rough ER
makes proteins that will be removed from the cell through exocytosis or stick to the rough ER
How do proteins reach organelles like the golgi apparatus
the protein enters the RER
2.Inside the RER, proteins are modified eg. bended and folded
3.Small parts of the RER pinch off to form a vesicle that transports the proteins(to organelles like Golgi)
How does the golgi body excrete proteins from the cell
Receives proteins from the Rough ER and modifies them into their final form
The Golgi apparatus then packages the modified proteins into vesicles that pinch off and move towards the cell membrane
the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid
Some ribosomes are studded onto the rough ER whereas some are free floating. Why is that the case?
he proteins produced from the free floating ribosomes stay around the inside of the cell.
Whilst, the proteins RER proteins get sent to the golgi body to be packaged out of the cel
why do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosome
ribosomes are not membrane bound organelles and also because all cells need protein to survive
What are proteins made up of
What are proteins made up of
exocytosis
the bulk transport of molecules outside of a cell
why does the cell memebrane separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment?
because the cell’s environment varies from its outer environment (e.g. in terms of ph, ions, temperature, nutrients)
phagocytosis
va process where a phagocyte engulfs destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells
what may happen to the proteins when the golgi body reiceves proteins from the RER
golgi body may add sugar to the protein to make glycoprotein
golgi body may Add lipid to the protein and make it a lipoprotein
golgi body may Fold the protein into 3D shape
when and how are glycoproteins and lipoproteins created
may happen when the golgi body rceieves proteins form the RER
glycoproteins are formed when sugar is added to the protein
lipoproteins are formed when a lipid is added to the protein
purpose of membrane bound organelles
A
orangelles need membranes to make sure all cells carry out functions properly and to act as a protceitve barrier
why is it dangerous for lysosomes to not have a cell membrane
A
digestive enzymes would digest the whole cell
stroma
a jelly like fluid that isrich in enzymes in chloroplast
what floats on the stroma
the memebrane system:thylakoid membranes
thylakoid membranes
A
flat, sac-like structures that are called ‘grana’ when grouped together into stacks
thylakoidthylakoid membranes
A
flat, sac-like structures that are called ‘grana’ when grouped together into stacks
thylakoid
the specific organelle where photosynthesis occurs in the chlorplast
difference functions of thylakoid and chloroplast
chloroplast captures light energy, thylakoid converts the light energy into glucose
How did chloroplasts become part of eukaryotic cells and how
endosymbiosis as it occurred when the cyanobacteria was endocytosed by the plant/animal cell
How did mitochondria become part of eukaryotic cells and how
endosymbiosis as they are endocytosed by the plant in the animal cell
endosymbosis
the theory that some organelles like mitochondria in eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.
Cytoplasmic pathway
mineral ions or small amounts of water either passively diffuse into the cytoplasm or are taken up via active transport in root hair cells.
Extracellular pathway-
vwater and solute diffuse into the gaps between the cells.
How does wind affect transpiration rate?
the wind will blow off any layer of humid air around the surface of the stomata and thus this will increase the amount of water vapour that exits the plant and therefore, the transpiration rate increasses
Using your understanding of concentration gradients explain how air flow and humidity affect the rate of transpiration 4 marks
If the humidity is low and the airflow is high which will blow off the humid layer around the plant’s stomata, this can mean that the concentration of water vapour outside the plant is lower compared to the inside of the plant and thus, more water vapour will evaporate DOWN the concentration gradient increasing the transpiration rate
How is the translocation of glucose happen
1.Glucose is produced during photosynthesis as it moves into the companion cells and sieve cells of the phloem.
2.As glucose moves into the sieve cells, the water also follows into the sieve cells, creating a higher turgor pressure
The turgor pressure causes the liquid in the phloem to move across the plant, therefore glucose is actively transported from source cells into sink cells(root and fruit cells)
4.Once glucose is unloaded into the sink cells, the concentration in the phloem is reduced and water will diffuse back into the xylem.
5.Other solutes, such as amino acids or important minerals, travel through the phloem in a similar manner to glucose
main region of kidneys
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
