1

Question 1

how do ribsoomes produce protein

Answer 1

Involved in the production of
protein by adding
amino acids together to form a
polypeptide chain

Question 2

describe Mitochondria characterisics including it’s membranes, what it is the site of, what it produces and what of its own does it contain

Answer 2

has 2 memebranes( an inner and outer memebrane)

Site of aerobic cellular
respiration

produces ATP

Contain their own DNA
(mtDNA) and ribosomes

Question 3

describe the Chloroplasts charactetricitcs inlcuindg membranes, why it uses light energy and what of its own does it contain

Answer 3

memebrane(inner and outer)

Uses light energy to produce glucose for photosytehnsis

Contain own
ribosomes and DNA

Question 4

vwhat does the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 4

modifies,package and transports proteins into vesicles

Question 5

describe the Golgi Apparatus characterisitics including what the flattened stacked sacs do to proteins, and why proteins are packaged into vesicles

Answer 5

A
proteins are packaged and modified by the flattened sacs

Proteins are packaged into
vesicles to be transport around the
cell.

Question 6

what does the Vesicle do

Answer 6

stores substances within a cell or is involved in transporting substances in or out of the cell and between organelles

Question 7

describe what Lysosomes are, what they are involved in and what they are important for

Answer 7

s Vesicle containing digestive
enzymes

Involved in digesting waste and
foreign material

Important in phagocytosis of
bacteria or apoptosis
(programmed cell death)

Question 8

describe what a Vacuole is and what they play a role in

Answer 8

A membrane bound sac that stores water and nutrients

Play a role in maintaining
structure in plant cells

Question 9

Why are cells made to be small?

Answer 9

To be able to exchange nutrients like glucose,
oxygen, carbon dioxide for cellular repair, growth
and reproduction

To maintain the internal environment (pH, water,
the concentration of ions)

To make intracellular transport of molecules faster

Question 10

what is DNA and what does it do

Answer 10

is the genetic material of the cell that a sends out instructions to create proteins and controls all of the cell’s functions

Question 11

difference in chrosomes and plamisds for eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 11

prokaryotes have a single circula chromosome and many plasmids

eukaryotes have mutiple linear chromosome

Question 12

what role does cyostkeleton play

Answer 12

A
Structurally supports and gives shape to a cell. Moves the cell and its components.

Question 13

Plasmid

Answer 13

small circular DNA found in prokaryotes

Question 14

function of Ribosomes found on the Rough ER

Answer 14

makes proteins that will be removed from the cell through exocytosis or stick to the rough ER

Question 15

How do proteins reach organelles like the golgi apparatus

Answer 15

the protein enters the RER
2.Inside the RER, proteins are modified eg. bended and folded

3.Small parts of the RER pinch off to form a vesicle that transports the proteins(to organelles like Golgi)

Question 16

How does the golgi body excrete proteins from the cell

Answer 16

Receives proteins from the Rough ER and modifies them into their final form

The Golgi apparatus then packages the modified proteins into vesicles that pinch off and move towards the cell membrane

the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid

Question 17

Some ribosomes are studded onto the rough ER whereas some are free floating. Why is that the case?

Answer 17

he proteins produced from the free floating ribosomes stay around the inside of the cell.

Whilst, the proteins RER proteins get sent to the golgi body to be packaged out of the cel

Question 18

why do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosome

Answer 18

ribosomes are not membrane bound organelles and also because all cells need protein to survive

Question 19

What are proteins made up of

Answer 19

What are proteins made up of

Question 20

exocytosis

Answer 20

the bulk transport of molecules outside of a cell

Question 21

why does the cell memebrane separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment?

Answer 21

because the cell’s environment varies from its outer environment (e.g. in terms of ph, ions, temperature, nutrients)

Question 22

phagocytosis

Answer 22

va process where a phagocyte engulfs destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells

Question 23

what may happen to the proteins when the golgi body reiceves proteins from the RER

Answer 23

golgi body may add sugar to the protein to make glycoprotein

golgi body may Add lipid to the protein and make it a lipoprotein

golgi body may Fold the protein into 3D shape

Question 24

when and how are glycoproteins and lipoproteins created

Answer 24

may happen when the golgi body rceieves proteins form the RER

glycoproteins are formed when sugar is added to the protein

lipoproteins are formed when a lipid is added to the protein

Question 25

purpose of membrane bound organelles

Answer 25

A
orangelles need membranes to make sure all cells carry out functions properly and to act as a protceitve barrier

Question 26

why is it dangerous for lysosomes to not have a cell membrane

Answer 26

A
digestive enzymes would digest the whole cell

Question 27

stroma

Answer 27

a jelly like fluid that isrich in enzymes in chloroplast

Question 28

what floats on the stroma

Answer 28

the memebrane system:thylakoid membranes

Question 29

thylakoid membranes

Answer 29

A
flat, sac-like structures that are called ‘grana’ when grouped together into stacks

Question 29

thylakoidthylakoid membranes

Answer 29

A
flat, sac-like structures that are called ‘grana’ when grouped together into stacks

Question 30

thylakoid

Answer 30

the specific organelle where photosynthesis occurs in the chlorplast

Question 31

difference functions of thylakoid and chloroplast

Answer 31

chloroplast captures light energy, thylakoid converts the light energy into glucose

Question 32

How did chloroplasts become part of eukaryotic cells and how

Answer 32

endosymbiosis as it occurred when the cyanobacteria was endocytosed by the plant/animal cell

Question 33

How did mitochondria become part of eukaryotic cells and how

Answer 33

endosymbiosis as they are endocytosed by the plant in the animal cell

Question 34

endosymbosis

Answer 34

the theory that some organelles like mitochondria in eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

Question 35

Cytoplasmic pathway

Answer 35

mineral ions or small amounts of water either passively diffuse into the cytoplasm or are taken up via active transport in root hair cells.

Question 36

Extracellular pathway-

Answer 36

vwater and solute diffuse into the gaps between the cells.

Question 37

How does wind affect transpiration rate?

Answer 37

the wind will blow off any layer of humid air around the surface of the stomata and thus this will increase the amount of water vapour that exits the plant and therefore, the transpiration rate increasses

Question 38

Using your understanding of concentration gradients explain how air flow and humidity affect the rate of transpiration 4 marks

Answer 38

If the humidity is low and the airflow is high which will blow off the humid layer around the plant’s stomata, this can mean that the concentration of water vapour outside the plant is lower compared to the inside of the plant and thus, more water vapour will evaporate DOWN the concentration gradient increasing the transpiration rate

Question 39

How is the translocation of glucose happen

Answer 39

1.Glucose is produced during photosynthesis as it moves into the companion cells and sieve cells of the phloem.

2.As glucose moves into the sieve cells, the water also follows into the sieve cells, creating a higher turgor pressure

The turgor pressure causes the liquid in the phloem to move across the plant, therefore glucose is actively transported from source cells into sink cells(root and fruit cells)
4.Once glucose is unloaded into the sink cells, the concentration in the phloem is reduced and water will diffuse back into the xylem.

5.Other solutes, such as amino acids or important minerals, travel through the phloem in a similar manner to glucose

Question 40

main region of kidneys

Answer 40

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis