4 Flashcards

1
Q

deamination

A

proccess of removing an amino acid frm a molecule.

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2
Q

mesentery

A

a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

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3
Q

for people with diabetets, their pancreas fails to produce insulin or their cells irreposnive to insulin. Why?

A

these outcpomes are the result of te failure of a sensor and their cells to become irresponsive to insulin

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4
Q

diabetes rsults in bodys failure to achieve homeostasis. define homesatsis with specific reference to this disease

A

homestasis in regards to diaetes refers to the maintance of blood gluose levels within a narrow range for optimal function

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5
Q

with reference to the glomerlus, explain how kidney damage may lead to microalbumrinina

A

high blood pressure meanst hat blood is filtered through the glomeularus with great force which could cause small tears in the capillaries comprising the glomeuleurus and damaging it.

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6
Q

besides the glomeulrus, what other parts of the nephron may result in microalbumrinia

A

proximal convulated tubule

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7
Q

how does hyperthyrdoisim result in weightloss

A

hyperthyrdoism results in an overporuction of hydroid hromoens wich regulate body systems. An excessive amount of these hormones can increase metabolic rates in the body resulting in weight loss

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8
Q

why would a leaf be rolled

A

drought and high temeprature

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9
Q

one exmaple of an effector is the smooth msucle in peripheral blood vessels

explain how this effector brings a decrease in body temperature

A

the smooth muslce tissue within te perihpal blood vessels releases,allowing vessels to dilate. This increasesthe volume of blood close to the surface of the skin, leading to heat loss.

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10
Q

what are the 3 parts of the large intestine

A

cecum
colon
rectum

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11
Q

hydrchoirc acid do

A

kills pathoens that enter the stomahc

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12
Q

how would ulcers befound

A

hydrochlroci acid kills pathogens and mucus membanres portcets the stomach lining from being digested by pepsin and form hydrochloric acid.

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13
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

muslce that seperates the duodenum from the stomach and holds the food in the stomahc until it is broken down and releases the food

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14
Q

bicarbondate

A

neutrlaises acidic food frm the stomahc the bring hte optium PH to 7.6

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15
Q

Trypsin

A

protein digestiing enyzme that digests proteins into amni acids

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16
Q

pancreal duct and bile duct function

A

pancreal duct and bile duct function

A
pathway that allows secretiosn frm the pancreas into the small intestine

bile duct pathya where bile is secreted from the liver into the small inteistne

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17
Q

how do hervbires have adaptions that allow them to digest celluose

A

caecum contains bacteria that proudce na enznyme called cellulase which breaks down cellulose

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18
Q

function of mucus

A

acts as a protective layer for the stomach against its own secreted enzymes and acids.

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19
Q

The pyloric sphincter is damaged. What is the issue?

A

if they pylorci sphisnter is stomach the food will not be digested intothe stomach it will move directly from the stomach into the dondedmum, therefore food will not be digested properly and doneudmumwill be directly exposed to the hydrochloric, this will cause ulcers

20
Q

A herbivore such as a rabbit has a diastema instead of what? What is the purpose of this?

A

A herbivore such as a rabbit has a distema instead of canine teeth. As these animals lack canines which are required to tear food, the distema helps the other teeth work together to cut food. Distaema also allows the food to contiousnyi pass intothe oriel cavity whilst the herbivore is chewing.

21
Q

mesentery

A

a membrane that attaches the abodmiaml area to small itnesitne, therefore keeps the digetsive system in place.

22
Q

glycorptoein

A

sends and recievees signals and is involved in cell to cell adhesion

23
Q

Explain why scientists describe the plasma membrane as a ‘fluid mosaic’.

A

The plasma membrane is fluid because the phospholipids and other molecules can move around – they are not stiff or held in one place.1The plasma membrane is mosaic because many different molecules are embedded in the membrane.2

24
Q

Novel nanomaterials called ‘nanomedicines’ are being developed to diagnose and treat disease. To work, nanomedicines must enter a cell and interact with particular sub-cellular molecules. Nanomedicines gain entry into target cells through endocytosis.

Some scientists are concerned that after endocytosis, the nanomedicine may be destroyed by the cell. Explain how this might occur.

A

Lysosomes may fuse with the vesicle containing the nanomedicine.1Lysosomes contain enzymes which may destroy the nanomedicine.2

25
Q

Explain the change occurring inside the guard cells and epidermal cells that leads to the net movement of water.

A

A
Guard cells become less turgid when water leaves, which occurs through osmosis.1For osmosis to occur quickly, ion channels open in the membranes of guard cells, and this leads to epidermal cells becoming hypertonic relative to guard cells.2Water will move from the area of low solute concentration (guard cells) to high solute concentration (epidermal cells).3

26
Q

The concentration of potassium ions, K+, in human blood plasma is approximately 4 mM. In the cytoplasm of red blood cells the concentration of these ions is around 100 mM. Explain how this difference in concentration is maintained.

A

This difference in concentration is maintained using active transport.1In active transport, ATP is used by specific protein pumps to transport K+ against its concentration gradient into the red blood cells, increasing the concentration of K+ in the cell. K+ is charged so cannot easily diffuse across the plasma membrane, meaning the cytoplasm remains hypertonic to the blood plasma in terms of K+

27
Q

what is the G1 phase involved in, what is being duplicated, what happens to the volume of cytsol in the G1 phase, why are proteins created in the G1 phase, why are orangalles replicated in the G1 phase,

A

Involved in the growth of a cell

all cells are duplicated besides chromsomes

volume of cystol increases

Proteins are created for DNA replication

organelles are replicated to prepare for replication

28
Q

G1 phase

A

process to make the cell complete again and duplication of celluar contents besides chromsomes

29
Q

G2 phase

A

monitors DNA duplications for growth and preparation for mitosis

30
Q

METAPHASE-What happens to sister chromatids and chrosomes in metaphase

A

Spindle fibres fully form and attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid

sister chromatids align along the equator

31
Q

ANAPHASE-what happens to sister chromatids in anaphase and what forms annd what spilts

A

Sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibres from the centromere to opposite sides of the cell

DNA spilts

32
Q

Difference of cytokinesis in animals and plants

A

in the cytokinesis of animals Cleavage furrow develops and pinches the plasma membrane into two cells

in the cytookensis of plantsA cell plate first forms before separating into two cells

33
Q

homologous chrosomem

A

a pair of chromosomes, with exact same DNA howeverv one chrosome is maternal and another paternal

34
Q

what do spindle fibres do

A

they pull the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

35
Q

what do spindle fibres do

A

they pull the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

36
Q

Q
telophase

A

chromatin decondenses
nucela envelope starts to reappear
clevaeg furrow forms
2 new cells walls and cell membranes found
cell undergoes cytokinesis

37
Q

prophase-

A

Nuclear envelope starts to disappear
Chromatin condenses
centrioles produce from spinlde fibres and migrate to oppostire sides of the cell

38
Q

MAJOR STEPS OF APOPTOSIS:

A

1.Caspase enzymes are activated

2.Organelles begin to breakdown

3.The cell and nucleus shrinks and chromatic condesnses●
4.Blebbing of the plasma membrane occurs forming apoptotic bodies

5.Apoptotic bodies are engulfed by phagocytes (immune cells).

39
Q

APOPTOSIS:Mitochondria(intrinsic) pathway-
Process:

A

When DNA is damaged (radiation), the mitochondria releases a protein known as cytochrome c

Cytochrome c binds with proteins in the cytosol to activate caspase enzymes

When caspases are active, apoptosis begins.

40
Q

Death receptor pathway what is

A

Signalling molecules called death ligands bind to death receptors on the plasma membrane, this causes capsace enxymes to become activated to start apoptosis

41
Q

Inhibited apoptosis:

A

May result in unnecessary body parts after development eg. webbed feet and hands

42
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells:

A

-Able to invade and spread
-resist cell death
-good blood supply
-evade tumours suppressors such as p53 gene
-able to replicate(immortal)

43
Q

Excessive apoptosis:

A

may result in diseases and disorders such as Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

44
Q

apoptosis and example

A

regulated/controlled programmed cell death

example would be apotposis removing flesh between webbed hands in the womb

45
Q

What are the two major stages of apoptosis and what dothey iinclude

A

initiation-involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathway
execution-
**list whathappens in apoptoisis

46
Q

what are cancer cells, how do they form and how do cancer cells spread

A

cancer cells form to genetic changes when a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell

cancer cells spread by dividing uncontrollably and spreading to surrounding tissues.

47
Q

An example of an essiental change that causes magliancy

A