4C

Question 1

apoptosis

Answer 1

the controlled death of cells in the body. Also known as programmed cell

Question 2

mitochondrial pathway

Answer 2

the pathway of apoptosis which is initiated by the detection of internal cellular damage. Also known as the intrinsic pathway

Question 3

death receptor pathway

Answer 3

the pathway of apoptosis which is initiated by the reception of extracellular death signalling molecules. Also known as the extrinsic pathway

Question 4

caspase enzymes

Answer 4

catalysts that cleave specific intracellular proteins during apoptosis

Question 5

cytochrome c

Answer 5

a protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 6

blebbing

Answer 6

the bulging of the plasma membrane to form apoptotic bodies

Question 7

apoptotic bodies

Answer 7

vesicles containing cell contents that are released from a dying cell during apoptosis and engulfed by phagocytes

Question 8

phagocyte

Answer 8

a cell of the immune system responsible for engulfing and destroying harmful microorganisms and foreign material

Question 9

phagocytosis

Answer 9

endocytosis of solid material or food particles

Question 10

tumour

Answer 10

a mass of abnormal cell

Question 11

benign tumour

Answer 11

a tumour that lacks the ability to spread throughout other tissues and organs

Question 12

malignant tumour

Answer 12

abnormal cells with the ability to invade nearby tissue and migrate to other parts of the body. Also known as cancerous cells

Question 13

cancer

Answer 13

a disease caused by the uncontrolled replication of cells with the ability to migrate to other parts of the body

Question 14

metastasis

Answer 14

the migration of tumour cells from the primary tumour site to distant parts of the body