4.basic surgical treatment Flashcards
Surgery is planned based on
1.Timing
2.Purpose
3.Degree of Invasiveness
4.Equipment used
5.Type of surgical procedure
6.body part
7.need for anesthesia
Surgery based on timing
1.Elective - done to non-life threatening conditions
3. Emergency - done promptly to save life
3. Semi - elective - to avoid permanent disability
Surgery based on purpose
1.Explorative - to aid/confirm diagnosis
2.Therapeutic - to treat diagnosed condition
Surgery based on degree of Invasiveness
1.minimal - e.g laparoscopic, angioplasty (minimal outer incision)
2. open - laparotomy (large incision to access area of interest)
Surgery depending on equipment used
1.robotic
2.microsurgery
3.laser
Surgery based on types of procedures
1.Amputation - removal of a body part
2. Reconstruction - rebuilding of a body part to improve function/appearance
3.Resection-removal of all or part of an internal organ
4.Replantation- reattaching severed body part to original site on the body
5.Cosmetic-to improve appearance
6.Transplant-of organ,tissue,cells to replace damaged,failing parts
7.Explant- removal of body part for use in transplant
Planning of surgical treament
surgeon must determine if patient is ready for surgery
-if patient is medically stable
-if yes-planning begins
1.gathering necessary medical history and identifying diagnosis
2.determining type of operation required
3.assessing need for anasthesia
4.conducting preoperative preparations
5.evaluating risks and how to minimise them
6.preparing patient for operation
7.establishing expected outcomes and postoperative course
Definition of a surgical instrument
Specialized tool used for performing specific actions during surgical procedures
Types of surgical tools based on usage
1.single use
2.multiple use
Main categories of surgical instruments
1.cutting and dissecting- used to divide tissues
e.g scalpels, scissors
2.grasping, clamping, occluding -
to grasp,pick up and hold and manipulate tissues
e.g forceps and clamps
3.haemostatic - to establish hemostasis
e.g haemostatic clamps
4.retracting and exposing -
hold tissues and organs to improve exposure
e.g retractors
5.wound closing -
used during tissue closure
e.g clips, staplers
Main categories of surgical instruments according to stefi
- Cutting
- Hemostatic
- Suturing
- Retracting
- Specialized
What is a suture
Strand or fiber used by surgeons to hold the wound edges together during healing process
What is a ligature?
Thread or string to tie blood vessels or tissue
to stop the bleeding or to secure the tissues
Suture materials are classified based on
1.Raw material
2.Absorbability
3.Structure
Suture material based on the raw material
- NATURAL
+ : cheap, good handling, knotting security
-: strong tissue reaction, enzymatic absorption
2.SYNTHETIC
+: minimal tissue reaction
-: causing bad tissue handling
Sutures according to Absorbability
1.ABSORBABLE:
+:materials are broken down by body,no remnants
-:long time of tissue cohesion
2.NON
+:lead to permanent tissue cohesion
-:resist foreign materials in the tissues, suture rejection
Sutures according to the structure
1.Monofibril
+: smooth surface
minimal tissue trauma
no bacterial culture
no capillarity
no tumour cell invasion
-:bad handling and knotting
2.Multifibril
+:strong
soft flexible
good handling and knotting
-:bacterial and tumour cell invasion
capillarity
rough surface- tissue trauma
Bandage definition
Stip of material used to provide support and immobilise a pattern of the body
Uses of bandages
1.support - in fractures
2.immobilisation - dislocated jaw
3.apply pressure - to stop bleeding
4.prevent or reduce swelling
5.secure dressings in place
6.retain splints in place
Types of bandages categorised by function or material composition
1.Adhesive - e.g plasters
2.Gauze - prevent adhering to wound
3.Compression - low or high compressive power on limbs and muscles
4.Tube-hold dressing, provide support to sprains and strains
Bandages based on specific forms
- Triangular
- Gauze/Cotton - lightly woven for fingers,hands,feet
- Elastic roller
- Crape - woven gauze
- Adhesive - to retain dressing
Methods of applying bandages
1.Circular
2.Simple spiral
3.Reverse spiral
4.Figure of 8
5.Splica
Operations Green
1.protocol used in surgery where all covering and scrubs are in green
2.to easily spot blood during surgery
3.it desentisizes the cones of the eyes to green - red becomes more easily detectable
Properties of surgical instruments
1.must be resistant to corrosion
2.must be durable
3.made of high quality stainless steel
