4.basic surgical treatment

Question 1

Surgery is planned based on

Answer 1

1.Timing
2.Purpose
3.Degree of Invasiveness
4.Equipment used
5.Type of surgical procedure
6.body part
7.need for anesthesia

Question 2

Surgery based on timing

Answer 2

1.Elective - done to non-life threatening conditions
3. Emergency - done promptly to save life
3. Semi - elective - to avoid permanent disability

Question 3

Surgery based on purpose

Answer 3

1.Explorative - to aid/confirm diagnosis
2.Therapeutic - to treat diagnosed condition

Question 4

Surgery based on degree of Invasiveness

Answer 4

1.minimal - e.g laparoscopic, angioplasty (minimal outer incision)
2. open - laparotomy (large incision to access area of interest)

Question 5

Surgery depending on equipment used

Answer 5

1.robotic
2.microsurgery
3.laser

Question 6

Surgery based on types of procedures

Answer 6

1.Amputation - removal of a body part
2. Reconstruction - rebuilding of a body part to improve function/appearance
3.Resection-removal of all or part of an internal organ
4.Replantation- reattaching severed body part to original site on the body
5.Cosmetic-to improve appearance
6.Transplant-of organ,tissue,cells to replace damaged,failing parts
7.Explant- removal of body part for use in transplant

Question 7

Planning of surgical treament

Answer 7

surgeon must determine if patient is ready for surgery
-if patient is medically stable
-if yes-planning begins
1.gathering necessary medical history and identifying diagnosis
2.determining type of operation required
3.assessing need for anasthesia
4.conducting preoperative preparations
5.evaluating risks and how to minimise them
6.preparing patient for operation
7.establishing expected outcomes and postoperative course

Question 8

Definition of a surgical instrument

Answer 8

Specialized tool used for performing specific actions during surgical procedures

Question 9

Types of surgical tools based on usage

Answer 9

1.single use
2.multiple use

Question 10

Main categories of surgical instruments

Answer 10

1.cutting and dissecting- used to divide tissues
e.g scalpels, scissors

2.grasping, clamping, occluding -
to grasp,pick up and hold and manipulate tissues
e.g forceps and clamps

3.haemostatic - to establish hemostasis
e.g haemostatic clamps

4.retracting and exposing -
hold tissues and organs to improve exposure
e.g retractors

5.wound closing -
used during tissue closure
e.g clips, staplers

Question 11

Main categories of surgical instruments according to stefi

Answer 11

1. Cutting
2. Hemostatic
3. Suturing
4. Retracting
5. Specialized

Question 12

What is a suture

Answer 12

Strand or fiber used by surgeons to hold the wound edges together during healing process

Question 13

What is a ligature?

Answer 13

Thread or string to tie blood vessels or tissue
to stop the bleeding or to secure the tissues

Question 14

Suture materials are classified based on

Answer 14

1.Raw material
2.Absorbability
3.Structure

Question 15

Suture material based on the raw material

Answer 15

1. NATURAL
   + : cheap, good handling, knotting security
   -: strong tissue reaction, enzymatic absorption

2.SYNTHETIC
+: minimal tissue reaction
-: causing bad tissue handling

Question 16

Sutures according to Absorbability

Answer 16

1.ABSORBABLE:
+:materials are broken down by body,no remnants
-:long time of tissue cohesion

2.NON
+:lead to permanent tissue cohesion
-:resist foreign materials in the tissues, suture rejection

Question 17

Sutures according to the structure

Answer 17

1.Monofibril
+: smooth surface
minimal tissue trauma
no bacterial culture
no capillarity
no tumour cell invasion

-:bad handling and knotting

2.Multifibril
+:strong
soft flexible
good handling and knotting

-:bacterial and tumour cell invasion
capillarity
rough surface- tissue trauma

Question 18

Bandage definition

Answer 18

Stip of material used to provide support and immobilise a pattern of the body

Question 19

Uses of bandages

Answer 19

1.support - in fractures
2.immobilisation - dislocated jaw
3.apply pressure - to stop bleeding
4.prevent or reduce swelling
5.secure dressings in place
6.retain splints in place

Question 20

Types of bandages categorised by function or material composition

Answer 20

1.Adhesive - e.g plasters
2.Gauze - prevent adhering to wound
3.Compression - low or high compressive power on limbs and muscles
4.Tube-hold dressing, provide support to sprains and strains

Question 21

Bandages based on specific forms

Answer 21

1. Triangular
2. Gauze/Cotton - lightly woven for fingers,hands,feet
3. Elastic roller
4. Crape - woven gauze
5. Adhesive - to retain dressing

Question 22

Methods of applying bandages

Answer 22

1.Circular
2.Simple spiral
3.Reverse spiral
4.Figure of 8
5.Splica

Question 23

Operations Green

Answer 23

1.protocol used in surgery where all covering and scrubs are in green
2.to easily spot blood during surgery
3.it desentisizes the cones of the eyes to green - red becomes more easily detectable

Question 24

Properties of surgical instruments

Answer 24

1.must be resistant to corrosion
2.must be durable
3.made of high quality stainless steel