2.antisepsis

Question 1

Definition of an antiseptic

Answer 1

chemical substances that are applied on living tissue (e.g skin) to reduce the risk of infection in wounds, cuts.

Question 2

Process of using antiseptics is called?

Answer 2

antisepsis - to reduce microorganism in and out of the body

Question 3

Ideal antiseptic

Answer 3

1.bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect
2.safe for the whole body
3.does not evaporate - is stable
4.has to have contact action with live tissues
5.to be easily applied
6.acceptable price, affordable
7.easily stored

Question 4

antiseptic agents depending on their mode of action can be

Answer 4

1.bactericidal - have ability to kill
2. bacteriostatic - inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria

Question 5

History: pre-antiseptical period

Answer 5

1.characterized by high rates of infection and mortality in surgical patients
2.limited understanding of the germ theory
3.operating theatres dirty, overcrowded, poor ventilation
4.surgeons washed hands after operation not prior
5.crucial work in transforming medical practice - lister and semmelweis
6.lister: model of prophylaxis with application of chemical substances to sterilize surgical instruments - carbolic acid
7.semmelweis: policy of handwashing with chlorine solution

Question 6

Drawbacks and risk of carbolic acid

Answer 6

1.toxic
2.inhaling - lung damage
3.skin irritation

Question 7

structure types of antiseptic agents

Answer 7

1.halogens
2.oxidizing substances
3.organic
4.heavy metals
5.dyes
6.sulfonamides
7.antibiotics

Question 8

Halogens antiseptics

Answer 8

1- Iodine-gasoline - Weak bactericidal effect. For preparation of operative field.
2- Chloramines - used for instrument disinfection, wounds, rooms and water basins
3- Iodine alcohol - Only for skin application
4- Iodine - used in the past for treatment of tuberculous fistula and wounds
5- Hibitane - for lavage of abscess cavities and infected wounds and for disinfection of skin
instruments and surgical appliances

Question 9

oxidizing agents as antiseptics

Answer 9

1. H202 - 3% for mechanical wound cleaning in anaerobic infections = good haemostatic agent
   2.KMnO4 - 1% - creates alkaline environment ot kill bacteria, used as wound irrigant or lavage solution to clean wound site

Question 10

Organic antiseptics

Answer 10

1. ethanol - 70% penetrates skin, 96% for keeping sterile suture material , not on mucous membranes
   2.formalin - 40% solution of formaldehyde in evaporated condition
   3.lysol 3-6% strong bactericidal effect for cleaning rooms

Question 11

heavy metals as antiseptics

Answer 11

1.silver compounds
-silver sulphadiazine against pseudomonas
-silver nitrate against gonococci

2.zinc salts, sulphate
-eye wash

Question 12

dyes as antiseptics

Answer 12

1.gentian violets - chronic ulcers
2. methylene blue 0.5% - for verifying fistula channels
3. rivanol

Question 13

types of antisepsis

Answer 13

1.physical
2.mechanical
3.chemical
4.biological
5.mixed

Question 14

physical antisepsis

Answer 14

1.creating unfavourable condition in the wound for bacterial growth
2.drainage tubes, hydroscopic bandaging

Question 15

mechanical antisepsis

Answer 15

Is the primary surgical wound treatment

1.eliminates necroses
2.evacuates hematomas
3.extracts foreign bodies

Question 16

chemical antisepsis

Answer 16

1.using chemical substances that have a local and a general mode of action when applied to combat infection
2.must be safe for the macroorganism but lethal for the microorganisms
e.g sulphonamides

Question 17

biological antisepsis

Answer 17

treatment with serums and vaccines
-anatoxins application

Question 18

mixed antisepsis

Answer 18

use of different methods in combination
-primary surgical management is a combination of a mechanical and chemical antisepsis in addition with biological

Question 19

depending on the method of application, antiseptics arte

Answer 19

1.superficial - on the body surface - ointment
2. deep - injected
3. local - directly applied on the lesion
4. general - application is far from the site of infection and is distributed by blood stream

Question 20

antisepsis precaution

Answer 20

1. intoxication could occur - in chemical antisepsis
2. external anatomical damages - in mechanical antisepsis
3. allergic shock, candidosis and disbacteriosis - in biological