1.history

Question 1

what does the word SURGERY mean

Answer 1

1. derived from Greek meaning ,,work with hand,,
2. medical speciality that uses operative techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury
3. to help improve bodily function or appearance

Question 2

Surgery of GALEN 130-210AD

Answer 2

1. he conducted dissections and vivisections on animals
   -to figure out how the human body was structured and how it worked
2. he proved that urine was produced in the kidneys (as opposed to the bladder which was common belief)
3. by cutting or stimulating various spinal nerve roots, he figured out which organs and muscles they controlled
4. he described the heart having 3 chambers
5. observed structural difference between veins and arteries and in the difference in the blood v - dark, a-bright
6. demonstrated that arteries carried blood and not air
7. believed that disease was the result of an imbalance between 4 bodily fluids - blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
   -more blood:fever
   -phlegm: respiratory congestion
   -yellow bile:anger
   -black bole: depression
8. believed that the circulatory system consisted of two separate one-way systems of distribution

Question 3

surgery in the middle ages

Answer 3

1. leonardo da vinci dissected human bodies and made drawings
2. there was a difference between surgeons and physicians
   -surgeons were know as barbers, often known as MR and went through apprenticeships
   -physicians were more intellectual, attended university, called Dr.

Question 4

Pre-1900 surgery

Answer 4

1728-1793 John Hunter, known as the father of scientific surgery
-practiced surgery and taught surgery lectures at st georges hospital london

contribution to medicine:
a-studies and experiments on inflammation
b- … blood and gunshot wounds

Question 5

early 19th century surgery

Answer 5

1.issues with surgery having a high mortality rate
2.primarily wound treatment included
-lancing boils
-draining abcesses
-suturing injuries
3.problems were due to
-street clothes
-bare hands
-unclean and reused instruments

Question 6

Was surgery dangerous in the early 19th century

Answer 6

yes very
patients were dying from
1.pain - due to a lack of anaesthetics, thus surgeon had to work as fast as possible
-ether, chloroform and cocaine were later discovered
2.infection - due to lack of understanding of the germ theory and how germs cause infection
a-until pasteur germ theory came into place
b-joseph lister realized that germs in the theatre had to be destroyed - used carbolic acid to kill them - first antiseptic
c-robert koch discovered that bacteria caused septicaemia and used hot steam to kill germs
d-ignaz semmelweis introduced washing of hands with soap and calcium chloride solution before treating patients
e-spraying instruments and bandages with carbolic acid
f-use of rubber gloves and face masks
3.blood loss
a-difficult in controlling bleeding and the inability to replace lost blood
b-would use - tourniquet, raise wound, direct pressure
c-failing of blood transfusion due to lack of knowledge of the blood groups and inability to store blood

Question 7

when was the first leg transplant

Answer 7

2011

Question 8

surgery in bulgaria

Answer 8

1. has made internationally recognized achievements in surgery
2. most of these advancements have been linked to surgical departments in sofia, plovdiv, varna which are the location of the leading medical schools and hospitals
   IMPORTANT FIGURES
   1.pirogov 1810-1881
   2.prof.dr.paraskev stoyanov 1871-1941

Question 9

pirogov (1810-1881)

Answer 9

develeop a new osteoplastic method for amputation of foot known as the pirogov amputation
-foot is partially amputated, leaving a portion of the heel intact to serve as additional support in the stump

Question 10

prof.dr.paraskev stoyanov (1871-1941)

Answer 10

1.laid the foundations of the first bulgarian school of surgery
2.medical uni of varna is named after him because of his role as founder of bulgarian surgery
3.first person in bulgaria to use x-rays for patient diagnosis and perform complex cardiac surgeries

Question 11

when was the first department of paediatric surgery found in bulgaria

Answer 11

1952 in plovdiv by dr.jury toshev

Question 12

When did neurosurgery became a speciality on its own?

Answer 12

became an independent discipline and a self-standing speciality in 1942

Question 13

surgery in ancient times

Answer 13

1.trepanation of skull
2.mummification process using clamps, saws, forceps, scalpels
3.honey as antiseptic
4.ancient greeks used to bath in wine to prevent infection

Question 14

first kidney transplant

Answer 14

1952

Question 15

first specialist neurosurgeon

Answer 15

victor horseley