4A.4b Flashcards
Why does decline occur
-Decline occurs sometimes due to deindustrialisation which then leads to unemployment and a spiral of economic decay
-Closure of factory -> long term unemployment -> brain drain -> housing falls into disrepair
(Negative cumulative causation model sequence )
Give an example of a declining city in England + statistics
-Middlesbrough failed to cope with deindustrialisation with 20,000 people leaving since 1990
-The global recession saw many shops close as disposable income decreased
-The closure of SSI steelworks in Redcar has sparked further decline
The local unemployment rate is at 13% which is double the national average
30% of working age households have no one in employment
-10% of the wards in Middlesbrough are in the bottom 1% most deprived in the country
What have the social impacts of this decline been
-The average house prices in the North Oremsbey area have dropped to £57,000 in March 2015 compared with the UK average £180,000
~This has allowed landlords to buy up property cheaply and rent them to recipients of housing benefits without maintaining them propitious
-The life expectancy is much lower than in the rest of the uk
-The effect of the decline on the built environment of Middlesbrough has been dramatic as whole streets of terraced housing has been boarded up . The cost of maintaining fly tipping has gone up by 10% in recent years
-An Ofsted report in 2014 found 1/3 of students attend schools that require improvement
What does rust belt mean
Rust belt was a term coined in the 1980s in reference to the decline of powerful eastern Us manufacturing regions following the global shift
Why has the rust belt declined
The rust belt has declined due to
- overseas companies producing cheaper coal and steal
- Mining companies being mechanised to cut costs
- Lower wage costs in SE USA leading to relocation ~ 80,000 jobs lost in Michigan whilst 90,000 were gained in Texas, Tennessee, Virginia and Alabama
-Now the US coal industry only survives due to government subsidies that keep it going costing 1.96bn in 2014-15
What has happened to the Rust belt region now
The rust belt region has undergone economic restructuring where high income primary jobs have been replaced with low income tertiary jobs e.g retail
Where is an urban place that has been affected by the Rust Belt decline
Detroit Michigan has been heavily impacted by the Rust Belt decline
- It was once home for automobile manufacturing such as the General Motors base
- attempts for regeneration in the 1980s were unsuccessful so it fell into a spiral of decline following deindustrialisation
- There has been a 60% population decline since 1980 with 36.4% of the population below the poverty line
- there are over 70,000 abandoned buildings
- It experienced the largest municipality bankruptcy in US history with $162 million
- there is a 53/100,000 murder rate making it the most dangerous place in the US
- there has been a -26.6 population percentage change between 2000-2012 in Detroit
What is an example of a rural place that has been affected by the decline and deindustrialisation
- Rural Beattyville , Kentucky is in coal country
- It has been affected by the decline of the coal industry which has caused many social issues
- In the 2012 census it came out as one of the poorest towns in America
- The median income is only $12,000 compared to a national average of $54,000
- Only 5% have college degrees
- The men’s life expectancy is 68.3 years - 8 years below US average
