48. Fundamentals of Clinical Pathology

Question 1

What is the difference between acute and chronic meningitis?

Answer 1

Chronic meningitis is defined as meningeal inflammation that persists for more than 4 weeks, whereas acute meningitis lasts for less than 4 weeks.

Question 2

Acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness

Answer 2

Meningitis

Question 3

Rupture or erosion of pre-existing coronary artery plaque, resulting in the artery’s complete occlusion. It manifests clinically as an acute coronary syndrome, including ST-elevation MI, Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina

Answer 3

Coronary artery thrombus

Question 4

Supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot

Answer 4

Myocardial Infarction

Question 5

symptoms develop due to a narrowed or blocked bile duct or pancreatic duct, preventing the normal drainage of bile from the bloodstream into the intestines.

Answer 5

Obstructive jaundice

Question 6

• This can affect not only bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB), but also the compartment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• Middle aged, bleeding from nose, tiredness, confused, neurological impairment, biochemistry for kidney and liver function normal, lungs normal oxygenation, blood count shows low haemoglobin and platelets.
• Suspecting brain infection, CSF sent to microbiology fro bacteria and what antibiotics might respond

Answer 6

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Question 7

Middle aged, tiredness, haemoglobin low, rbc count low, iron normal, history of organ transplant in the past.
Large erythroblast with inclusion.

Answer 7

B19 parvovirus induced red cell aplasia

Question 8

Skin nodules on face, Tumour diagnosed as tumour of sebaceous glands (sebaceoma)

• patient underwent colonoscopy
• tumour (adenocarcinoma) was found
• removed with a segment of large intestine
• Both tumours were found to be lacking the DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2, which is a hereditary condition predisposing to cancers
• referral was made to screen the patient and his relatives

Answer 8

Muir-torre/Lynch syndrome due to loss of DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2