471 Final Flashcards
Briefly explode the causes and chain of events that leads to acute rumen acidosis.
Caused by feeding too much grain too fast. CHO turns into soluble starches and sugars which cause microbes in the rumen to over produce lactic acid which lowers the pH of the rumen causing the microbes to die and leads to metabolic disturbances.
Describe the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia (ketosis) in sheep. include when we might expect this disease to occur and list 3 clinical signs we might see with this disease.
- Expect this disease to occur pre- partum
- is the negative energy balance when the sheep isn’t taking in more energy than its body is using.
- clinical signs: weight loss, lethargic, anorexia
Laminitis occurs when inflammation develops between the sensitive and insensitive _________ of the foot
laminae
list 4 was of preventing pregnancy toxemia in sheep
- good nutrition
- stress management
- monitor animals carrying multiple babies
- give energy supplements
List 2 treatment options for abomasal displacement and briefly describe each
rolling- from right to left side
surgery- making an incision to manually correct the abomasum and then suturing it to the abdominal wall
which is a false statement with regard to septic laminitis in cattle?
a. associated with metabolic disorders
b. severe lameness symptoms
c. associated with concomitant infectious disease
d. rotation of the pedal bone
a. associated with metabolic disorders
Which of the following is most important in preventing LDA?
a. provide lots of room so cows do not traumatize each other
b. adaption to high concentrate diet
c. provide plenty of free salt
d. provide plenty of fresh water
b. adaption to high concentrate diet
which is a true statement concerning hypocalcemia in sheep?
a. diet and proper calcium will prevent disease
b. muscular weakness and anorexia are symptoms
c. can occur pre and post- partum
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
which is true with regards to bronchopneumonia?
a. invasion via pulmonary tree
b. characterized by anterior ventral lesions and lung sounds
c. final manifestation of BRD complex
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
which is not a true statement about pregnancy toxemia in sheep?
a. often females are in excessive body weight
b. affected females are carrying a single lamb
c. results from negative energy balance during late gestation
d. concurrent disease may predispose ewe to pregnancy toxemia
b. affected females are carrying a single lamb
which is not considered a sequelae to shipping fever
a. pericarditis
b. pleuritis
c. laminitis
d. lung abcessation
c. laminitis
coliform mastitis causes the most common form of aseptic laminitis. True or false?
false, most common form of septic not aseptic
Events during pregnancy
Stage 1: -changes in fetal position and posture Stage 2: - rupture of the allantochorion - cervix fully dilated and continuous with vagina -delivery of fetus Stage 3: - expulsion of placenta - suckling induces oxytocin release and more uterine contractions
Milk fever in lactating dairy cows is caused by a (low/normal/high) calcium levels in the blood shortly after parturition which can lease to : _____________
low
hypocalcemia- symptom: can’t get up
give two reasons why a fetotomy might be performed in a cow experiencing a dystocia problem rather than a c-section?
calf is dead
list four post partum disorders that occur in females
ketosis
hypocalcemia
retained placenta
uterine prolapse
With respect to cattle, what sinus (frontal/maxillary) might be open during dehorning and set up a sinus infection? An upper premolar tooth root abscess might infect which sinus (frontal/maxillary) resulting in unilateral discharge
frontal
maxillary
castration and tail docking occurs when
as a newborn lamb or
as a lamb/kid
start creep feeding when
lamb/kids
pasturella pneumonia
newborn lamb
coccidia diarrhea
lamb/kids
caseous lyphadentitis
adult sheep/goat
E. coli/ viral diarrhea
newborn lamb
CD&T vx booster
lamb/kids or weaned lamb/kids
CAE and OPP
adult sheep/goat
Chlamydia lameness
adult sheep/goat
campylobacter abortion
adult sheep/goat
compare foot rot between cattle and sheep
Cattle: caused by environmental factors can be septic or aseptic can occur in front or rear hoof Sheep: septic carrier animal passes the pathogen treat by trimming nails, foot bath
aseptic or septic:
most common form of laminitis
aspetic
aseptic or septic:
varying levels of symptoms often subclinical
aspetic
aseptic or septic:
associated with concomitant disease such as mastitis
septic
aseptic or septic:
symptoms often more severe
septic
aseptic or septic:
often associated with dietary changes
aseptic
using proper nomenclature for llamas, a _________ is a young llama 4-6 months of age. A weanling to adult llama is called a _______. A castrated male llama is called a _______.
cria
juvenile
gelding
llamas born during the winter months can suffer from winter baby syndrome. what vitamin is lacking in these youngsters? list 2 ways this can be prevented
vitamin D.
schedule them to have babies in summer or spring
vitamin D supplements
with respect to body condition score in sheep; judges the level of fullness over the ____ area and across the ____. Generally, check ___ times per year. animals are considered most productive at a BCS of ____.
lumbar
ribs
4
3
discuss 3 therapies for treating foot rot in sheep
antibiotics
foot bath
trim feet
One benefits without harming the other
commensal
requires a single host
direct life cycle
requires a single host
eggs, reproduction and death all happen here
direct life cycle
where sexual reproduction of a parasite occurs
definitive host
required to complete a developmental phase in the parasites life cycle, excluding sexual reproduction
intermediate host
requires greater than one host
indirect life cycle
T/F: with respect to llamas, they breed laying down and give birth standing up
true
the cat is the definitive host for which zoonotic parasite
toxoplasma
list two diseases we discussed in class that are transmitted via arthropod vectors.
anaplasmosis spp.
bluetongue virus
describe how you would manage/control flying vectors to reduce spread of parasites/disease.
put up fly powder bass or use fly spray
deworm animals
don’t put manure all in one place in the field
put out insect traps
one mechanism of action of a de-wormer to kill parasites is to paralyze the nervous system of the parasite T/F
true
when performing a breeding soundness exam on the male; evaluation of semen is one parameter we look at. what are the other 3?
physical soundness
absence of disease
good libido and serving capacity
time of year when producer can expect increase in parasites
spring and fall
wet and mild temps
animals are out grazing
lung worm
clinical signs: chronic cough, thin, be able to describe- what it does and how to treat
coccidia
clinical signs: bloody diarrhea, thin, loose weight. be able to describe- what it does and how to treat
4 categories of parasites
nematodes
cestodes
trematodes
protozoa
ketosis in cattle
negative energy balance. mobilizing their own fat stores. see weight loss. don’t see decreased appetite or lethargy. still getting energy but just running on ketones which isn’t good. sometimes a drop in production. breath smells like
septic laminitis is more severe
true
foot rot in cattle is a contagious disease
false
reason older horses may not be able to maintain bcs
teeth grind down so they can’t get as much nutrients from feed.
grind up food and moisten food
regularly check teeth
2 principles of deworming horses
separate horses depending on age
quarantine new animals until they are dewormed
what % of bw per day is recommended to feed horses
1-3%
tapeworms are round worms of horses, causes impactions of gut…
false
when raising swine in a farm operation, list 2 things you have to consider that you don’t have to consider in CAFO
sunburn
biosecurity
what is gestation crate
they go to farrow, there for whole pregnancy in confined situation, keeps them in one place so you can keep an eye on them
horse colic
stomach hurts, won’t eat, paw at belly, roll around, look at hind flank, visibly uncomfortable, sweating
prevent choke in horses
feed on ground
put large stones in feed bucket to slow them down eating
moisten feed stuffs
don’t feed in group bc competition makes them eat faster
3 pathogens that might cause ear problems in companion animals
yeast
bacteria
ear mites
most prevalent source of rabies
bats
cushings in horses
sign is they won’t shed their coat
