4.5- Species and taxonomy Flashcards
Give three ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful
mating. (3)
- Recognise / identify / attract same species;
Ignore: references to letting them produce fertile offspring - Stimulates / synchronises mating / production / release of gametes;
- Recognition / attraction of mate / opposite sex;
Accept finding a mate
Accept: gender - Indication of (sexual) maturity / fertility / receptivity / readiness to mate;
- Formation of a pair bond / bond between two organisms (to have / raise
young) .
The scientists wanted to know if the recorded natural song was less effective than
the natural song in stimulating courtship behaviour.
Suggest how the scientists could determine if the recorded natural song (L) was less
effective than the natural song. (2)
- Use a (real) male (with intact wings / no wing removed);
Mark ignoring reference to birds / or other types of animals
Accept: use a real cricket, since only males sing - Determine (percentage) response (of females compared with L).
Accept: compare results with L
A student concluded from the data in the table above that the number of chirps and
ticks is essential for successfully stimulating courtship behaviour.
Do these data support this conclusion? Explain your answer. (4)
- Lowest / only 30% courtship with no song / K / (or) courtship still
occurred when no song played / K;
Note: throughout, for courtship accept response / stimulation
/ reaction
Neutral: references to methodology
Answer must make clear there is no song / version K - Reduced courtship when no ticks / M / there is some courtship when no
ticks / M; - Reduced courtship when no chirps / N / there is some courtship when no
chirps / N;
Accept: use of figures from the table in an explanation - (So) courtship must involve a visual stimulus / other factor involved;
- Chirps more important as lowest courtship when none / N / ticks less
important as similar courtship when changed / M;
Must make comparison to gain mark - Data only show presence and absence of chirps / 0 and 7 chirps.
Note: ‘courtship still occurred when no sound played so a
visual stimulus / other factor / something else (e.g.
pheromone?) must be involved’
= 2 marks
Animalia Chordata Aves Columbiformes columbidae gallicolumba kubaryi
a) To which class does the white-fronted ground dove belong?
(b) Give the scientific name for the white-fronted ground dove
(c) This classification system consists of a hierarchy as there are small groups
within larger groups.
Give one other feature of a hierarchy that is shown in the diagram.
a- aves
b- Gallicolumba kubaryi; Must have both words and in this order Must be capital G If starts with k, award mark as impossible to recognise difference Ignore: underlining Accept: phonetic spelling Accept: G kubaryi (must be a capital / upper case G)
c-(c) No overlap.
Scientists investigated the effect of hunting on the genetic diversity of otters. Otters
are animals that were killed in very large numbers for their fur in the past.
The scientists obtained DNA from otters alive today and otters that were alive before
hunting started.
For each sample of DNA, they recorded the number of base pairs in alleles of the
same gene. Mutations change the numbers of base pairs over time.
The figure below shows the scientists’ results.
c -The scientists obtained DNA from otters that were alive before hunting started.
Suggest one source of this DNA.
(1)
d- What can you conclude about the effect of hunting on genetic diversity in otters?
Use data from the figure above to support your answer (2)
e- Some populations of animals that have never been hunted show very low levels of
genetic diversity.
Other than hunting, suggest two reasons why populations might show very low
levels of genetic diversity. (2)
c- Bone / skin / preserved remains / museums.
d- 1. (Hunting) reduced population size(s), so (much) only few alleles left;
Accept bottleneck
2. Otters today from one / few surviving population(s);
Accept founder effect
3. Inbreeding.
Allow any two
e-1. Population might have been very small / genetic bottleneck;
2. Population might have started with small number of individuals / by one
pregnant female / founder effect;
3. Inbreeding.
order of taxa
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
In this investigation, what is meant by genetic diversity? (1)
(b) Number of different alleles of each gene.
(a) This type of classification can be described as a phylogenetic hierarchy.
(i) What is meant by a hierarchy? (2)
- Groups within groups
Accept: idea of larger groups at the top or smaller groups at
the bottom
2. No overlap (between groups)
Explain the role of independent segregation in meiosis. (2)
- (To provide) genetic variation;
Genetic variation must be directly stated and not implied - (Allows) different combinations of maternal and paternal
chromosomes / alleles;
Accept: any allele of one gene can combine with any allele of
another gene
A zedonk is the offspring produced from breeding a mountain zebra with a
donkey.
• The body cells of a mountain zebra contain 32 chromosomes.
• The body cells of a donkey contain 62 chromosomes.
Use this information to suggest why zedonks are usually infertile (2)
- (Zedonk has) 47 / odd / uneven number of chromosomes;
Accept: diploid number would be odd
Reject: if wrong number of chromosomes is given - Chromosomes cannot pair / are not homologous / chromosome
number cannot be halved / meiosis cannot occur / sex cells /
haploid cells are not produced;
Accept: cannot have half a chromosome
Q Reject: meiosis cannot occur in sex cells
The forest was cleared to make more land available for agriculture.
After the forest was cleared the species diversity of insects in the area
decreased. Explain why. (3)
- Decrease in variety of plants / fewer plant species;
- Accept: reference to monoculture or description
- Neutral: fewer plants
- Fewer habitats / niches;
- Neutral: fewer homes / less shelter
- Decrease in variety of food / fewer food sources;
- Neutral: less food
- Accept: less variety of prey
What is a species? (2)
) 1. Group of similar organisms / organisms with similar features / organisms with same genes / chromosomes; 1. Accept: same number of chromosomes 1. Accept: smallest taxonomic group 1. Reject: genetically identical. Only allow 1 max if mentioned 1. Q Neutral: similar genes / chromosomes 2. Reproduce / produce offspring; 2. Accept: breed / mate 3. That are fertile; 3. Neutral: that are ‘viable’ ‘Produce fertile offspring’ = 2 mark
Q7.Organisms can be classified using a hierarchy of phylogenetic groups.
(a) Explain what is meant by:
(i) a hierarchy
- Groups within groups;
- accept idea of larger groups at the top / smaller groups at
the bottom - No overlap (between groups);
a) Explain what is meant by: a phylogenetic group. (1)
(ii) (Grouped according to) evolutionary links / history / relationships /
common ancestry;
Neutral: closely related
Neutral: genetically similar
Explain how these results suggest that animal A is the most closely related to
humans. (2)
- (Only) one amino acid different / least differences / similar amino
acid sequence / similar primary structure; - (So) similar DNA sequence / base sequence;
