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Biology > 1.6- ATP > Flashcards

1.6- ATP Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Q1.(a) Describe the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the contraction of a myofibril. (5)

A
  1. Calcium ions diffuse into myofibrils from (sarcoplasmic) reticulum;
  2. (Calcium ions) cause movement of tropomyosin (on actin);
  3. (This movement causes) exposure of the binding sites on the actin;
  4. Myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin;
  5. Hydrolysis of ATP (on myosin heads) causes myosin heads to bend;
  6. (Bending) pulling actin molecules;
  7. Attachment of a new ATP molecule to each myosin head causes myosin
    heads to detach (from actin sites).
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2
Q

ATP is an energy source used in many cell processes.

Give two ways in which ATP
is a suitable energy source for cells to use. (2)

A
  1. Releases relatively small amount of energy / little energy lost as heat;
    Key concept is that little danger of thermal death of cells
  2. Releases energy instantaneously;
    Key concept is that energy is readily available
  3. Phosphorylates other compounds, making them more reactive;
  4. Can be rapidly re-synthesised;
  5. Is not lost from / does not leave cells
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3
Q

(b) Write a simple equation to show how ATP is synthesised from ADP. (1)

A

ADP + Pi → ATP;

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4
Q

Give two ways in which the properties of ATP make it a suitable source of energy in
biological processes. (2)

A
  1. Energy released in small / suitable amounts;
  2. Soluble;
  3. Involves a single / simple reaction;
  4. In context of release, not storage. Ignore producing
    energy / manageable amounts.
  5. Reject “broken down easily / readily”. Reject “quickly /
    easily resynthesised”.
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5
Q

Humans synthesise more than their body mass of ATP each day. Explain why it is
necessary for them to synthesise such a large amount of ATP. (2)

A
  1. ATP cannot be stored / is an immediate source of energy;

2. ATP only releases a small amount of energy at a time;

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6
Q

(a) Describe the part played by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion in
producing ATP. (3)

A

Electrons transferred down electron transport chain;
Provide energy to take protons / H+
into space between membranes;
Protons / H+
pass back, through membrane / into matrix / through
ATPase;
Energy used to combine ADP and phosphate / to produce ATP;
Accept: alternatives for electron transport chain.

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7
Q

A scientist investigated ATP production in a preparation of isolated mitochondria.
He suspended the mitochondria in an isotonic solution and added a suitable
respiratory substrate together with ADP and phosphate. He bubbled oxygen through
the preparation.
(i) Why was the solution in which the mitochondria were suspended isotonic? (1)

A

Prevent damage to mitochondria caused by
water / osmosis / differences in water potential;
Accept: other terms that imply damage e.g. shrink / burst

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8
Q

A scientist investigated ATP production in a preparation of isolated mitochondria.
He suspended the mitochondria in an isotonic solution and added a suitable
respiratory substrate together with ADP and phosphate. He bubbled oxygen through
the preparation.

Explain why the scientist did not use glucose as the respiratory substrate. (2)

A

Glucose is used / broken down during glycolysis in cytoplasm / not in
mitochondria;
Accept: ‘glucose is converted to pyruvate’ for description of
breakdown

Glucose cannot cross mitochondrial membrane / does not
enter mitochondria;
Accept: only pyruvate can

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9
Q

A scientist investigated ATP production in a preparation of isolated mitochondria.
He suspended the mitochondria in an isotonic solution and added a suitable
respiratory substrate together with ADP and phosphate. He bubbled oxygen through
the preparation.
(1)

A

Terminal / final acceptor (in electron transport chain) / used to
make water;
Could be shown by symbols

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10
Q

) In anaerobic respiration, what is the net yield of ATP molecules per molecule
of glucose? (1)

A

2

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11
Q

Give two advantages of ATP as an energy-storage molecule within a cell. (2)

A

Cannot pass out of cell;

Quickly / easily broken down (hydrolysed) / broken
down in a on-step reaction / immediate source of energy;
Stores / releases small amounts of energy;
Do not credit “producing energy”

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12
Q

(b) Describe how NAD is regenerated in anaerobic respiration in yeast cells.
(1)

A

Formed when reduced NAD used to reduce / donate H ions

to pyruvate / convert pyruvate to ethanol;

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13
Q

(a) Mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells.
Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae. (2)

A

(more cristae / larger surface area) for electron transport chain /
more enzymes for ATP production / oxidative phosphorylation;
muscle cells use more ATP (than skin cells)(not just more respiration);

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14
Q

Substance X enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm. Each molecule of
substance X has three carbon atoms.
(i) Name substance X. (1)

A

pyruvate;

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15
Q

In the link reaction substance X is converted to a substance with molecules
effectively containing only two carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this
process. (2)

A

carbon dioxide formed / decarboxylation;
hydrogen released / reduced NAD formed;
acetyl coenzyme A produced;

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16
Q

The Krebs cycle, which takes place in the matrix, releases hydrogen ions. These
hydrogen ions provide a source of energy for the synthesis of ATP, using
coenzymes and carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Describe the roles of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP. (3)

A

NAD / FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to NAD / FAD;
H+
ions / electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme /
carrier to carrier / series of redox reactions;
energy made available as electrons passed on;
energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate /
using ATPase;
H+
/ protons passed into intermembrane space;
H+
/ protons flow back through stalked particles / enzyme;

17
Q

When glucose is respired what happens to the energy which is not
incorporated into ATP? (1)

A

released as heat;

18
Q

When one mole of glucose is respired anaerobically, only 2 moles of ATP are
produced. Explain why less energy is released in anaerobic respiration. (1)

A

glucose only partly broken down / only broken down to lactate;

19
Q

At the end of a sprint race, a runner continues to breathe rapidly for some
time. Explain the advantage of this. (2)

A

lactate / lactic acid has built up / been produced;
oxygen used to break down lactate / convert it back to
pyruvate / glucose / glycogen;

20
Q

Name the substance that muscles use as their immediate energy source. (1)

A

ATP

21
Q

Scientists investigated treatment of a human bladder infection caused by a species
of bacterium. This species of bacterium is often resistant to the antibiotics currently
used for treatment.
They investigated the use of a new antibiotic to treat the bladder infection. The new
antibiotic inhibits the bacterial ATP synthase enzyme.

The new antibiotic is safe to use in humans because it does not inhibit the ATP
synthase found in human cells.
Suggest why human ATP synthase is not inhibited and bacterial synthase is
inhibited (1)

A

Human ATP synthase has a different tertiary
structure to bacterial ATP synthase
OR
Human ATP synthase has a different shape
active site to bacterial ATP synthase
OR
Antibiotic cannot enter human cells/mitochondria
OR
Antibiotic not complementary (to human ATP
synthase);

Some good understanding was demonstrated of how this universal enzyme could be
different in different species. Some students demonstrated understanding but their
responses were insufficiently precise to fulfil the marking criteria; they failed to reference
the ‘tertiary’ structure or the ‘shape’ of the active site. Some students successfully
suggested that the human enzyme would be found in the mitochondria and so be
inaccessible to the antibiotic.

22
Q

Place a tick () in the appropriate box next to the equation which represents the
reaction catalysed by ATP synthase.
[1 mark]

A

ADP + Pi ATP + H2O

23
Q

8 . 2 Water is used to hydrolyse ATP.
Name the TWO products of ATP hydrolysis.
[1 mark]

A

Adenosine diphosphate and (inorganic)

phosphate;

24
Q

1 . 4 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide derivative.
Contrast the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA to give two
differences.
[2 marks]

A 
1. ATP has ribose and DNA nucleotide has
deoxyribose;
2. ATP has 3 phosphate (groups) and DNA
nucleotide has 1 phosphate (group);
3. ATP- base always adenine and in DNA
nucleotide base can be different / varies;
25
Q

0 5 . 2 The new antibiotic is safe to use in humans because it does not inhibit the ATP
synthase found in human cells.
Suggest why human ATP synthase is not inhibited and bacterial synthase is
inhibited.
[1 mark]

A

Human ATP synthase has a different tertiary
structure to bacterial ATP synthase
OR
Human ATP synthase has a different shape
active site to bacterial ATP synthase
OR
Antibiotic cannot enter human cells/mitochondria
OR
Antibiotic not complementary (to human ATP
synthase

Biology (56 decks)

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