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Chemistry > 4.5 Organic I > Flashcards

4.5 Organic I Flashcards

1
Q

Uses for refinery gases?

A

Fuel for home cooking

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2
Q

Uses for gasoline?

A

Fuel for cars

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3
Q

Uses for kerosene?

A

Fuel for aircraft

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4
Q

Uses for diesel?

A

Fuel for trains

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5
Q

Uses for fuel oil?

A

Fuel for ships

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6
Q

Uses for bitumen?

A

Making roads

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7
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons, compounds of hydrogen, and carbon only

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8
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
  • Heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  • Vapours rise until they reach their boiling point, when they condense
  • Different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  • Similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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9
Q

What temperature do the hydrocarbons in kerosene condense at?

A

250°C - 350°C

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10
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

What do homologous series of organic molecules have?

A
  • Similar chemical reactions
  • Trends in physical properties (viscosity, BP, colour, etc)
  • The same general formula
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12
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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13
Q

Examples of incomplete combustion products?

A
  • Soot
  • Carbon monoxide
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14
Q

What 3 significant pollutants are released into the atmosphere by the combustion of alkanes?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxide
  • Sulphur dioxide
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15
Q

What does carbon dioxide do to the atmosphere?

A

A greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and causes climate change

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16
Q

What does nitrogen dioxide do to the atmosphere?

A

Dissolves into rainwater to for acid rain, which corrodes structure and harms plant aquatic life

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17
Q

What does sulphur dioxide do to the atmosphere?

A

Dissolves into rainwater to form acid rain

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18
Q

What type of reaction is with an alkane and halogen?

A

Substitution

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19
Q

What is cracking?

A

Taking the longer (less useful) alkanes and breaking them into smaller ones

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20
Q

What conditions does cracking occur under?

A
  • Temperature : 650°C
  • Catalyst: Aluminium Oxide
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21
Q

What does a long alkane make during cracking?

A

Shorter Alkane + Alkene

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22
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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23
Q

How do alkenes differ from alkanes?

A

Alkenes have a one C=C double-bond

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24
Q

What are the uses for poly(ethene)?

A
  • Drinks bottles
  • Shopping bags
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25
What are the uses for poly(propene)?
- Storage boxes - Climbing rope
26
What are the uses for poly(chloethene)
- Wire insulation - Drain pipes
27
What are the uses for poly(tetrafluoroethene)?
- Non-stick coating
28
What is the formula for methane?
CH4
29
What is the formula for ethane?
C2H6
30
What is the formula for propane?
C3H8
31
What is the formula for butane?
C4H10
32
What is the formula for pentane?
C5H12
33
What is structural formula?
Shows the structure of a molecule in one line (read left to right like a word)
34
What is molecular formula?
Only shows how many carbon and hydrogen atoms there are
35
What is empirical formula?
Only shows the simplest whole number ratio for carbon to hydrogen
36
What is a homologous series?
They are a family of molecules which have: - Similar chemical reactions - Trends in physical properties - The same general formula
37
How does complete combustion occur?
When there is excess oxygen
38
What does complete combustion produce?
Carbon dioxide and water
39
How does incomplete combustion occur?
When there isn't enough oxygen
40
Why is incomplete combustion less useful than complete combustion?
Releases less energy so it makes the alkane less useful as a fuel
41
Why is complete combustion more useful than incomplete combustion?
Releases more energy so it makes the alkane less useful as a fuel
42
What are three signifiant pollutants into the atmosphere?
- Carbon dioxide - Nitrogen oxides - Sulphur dioxide
43
How does carbon dioxide harm the atmosphere?
Is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and causes climate change
44
How does nitrogen oxides harm the atmosphere?
Dissolve in rain water to form acid rain (due to hot car engines) which corrodes structures and is harmful to plant and aquatic life
45
How does sulphur dioxide harm the atmosphere?
Dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain
46
How do alkanes react with halogens?
By swapping one hydrogen atom for one halogen atom
47
What two details do you need to know about alkane and halogen reactions?
- It is a substation reaction, because the H swaps with the Br - The reaction requires UV light because the alkane is pretty unreactive
48
Why are alkenes referred to as unsaturated?
Because they have a C=C double bond
49
Why are alkanes referred to as saturated?
They don't have a C=C double bond
50
What details are needed for a reaction with alkenes and bromine?
- An addition reaction - Happens without UV light (alkenes are more reactive than alkanes) - Works with pure bromine liquid or bromine water (which is orange) - Mixture turns from orange to colourless
51
What colour change occurs between alkenes and bromine?
Orange to colourless
52
What colour is bromine water?
Orange
53
What are small molecules that are added together called?
Monomers
54
What is the long chain that monomers form when added together called?
Polymers
55
What is the common polymer poly(ethene) used for?
- Drinks bottles - Shopping bags
56
What is the common polymer poly(propene) used for?
- Storage boxes - Climbing ropes
57
What is the common polymer poly(chloroethene) used for?
- Wire insulation - Drainpipes
58
What is the common polymer poly(tetraflouroethene) used for?
- Non-stick coating
59
What environmental issues are there with addition polymers?
They are inert, meaning comically unreactive. Therefore, don't break down easily
60
How can you dispose of an addition polymer?
- Reuse it - Recycle it - Incinerate it (allows energy release to be used for electricity) - Chuck it into landfill
61
What is formed when impurities in a hydrocarbon are combusted?
Sulfur dioxide
62
What is cracking?
Breaks down longer alkanes into smaller, more useful ones
63
What conditions are needed for cracking?
Temperature: 650°C Catalyst: Aluminium oxide
64
What is the general equation for cracking?
Long alkane ----- > Shorter alkane + Alkene
65
Why are alkenes unsaturated?
They have a C=C double bond
66
Why are alkanes saturated?
They don't have a C=C double bond
67
What is the formula for methanol?
CH3OH
68
What is the formula for ethanol?
C2H5OH
69
What is the formula for propanol?
C3H7OH
70
What is the formula for butanol?
C4H9OH
71
Advantages of hydration of ethanol?
- Makes pure ethanol - Can run continuously
72
Disadvantages of hydration of ethanol?
- Conditions require lots of energy - Non-renewable raw materials used
73
What raw material is used in hydration of ethanol?
Crude oil provides ethene
74
What conditions are needed for hydration of ethanol?
- 300°C - 65 atm pressure - Phosphoric acid catalyst
75
Advantages of fermentation of glucose?
- Renewable raw material used - Conditions not energy-intensive
76
Disadvantages of fermentation of glucose?
- Makes impure ethanol - Must be done in individual batches
77
What raw material is used in fermentation of glucose?
Sugar cane provides the glucose
78
What conditions are needed for fermentation of ethanol?
- Yeast (provides enzymes) - 30°C: enzyme's optimum temperature - Anaerobic: prevents oxidation
79
What two ways can ethanol be manufactured?
- Hydration of ethene - Fermentation of glucose
80
What three ways can ethanol be oxidised?
- Combustion - Microbial oxidation - Chemical oxidation
81
How does ethanol get oxidised via combustion?
- Needs to combust completely because of the oxygen atom in the -OH group - Results in a non-luminous, blue flame
82
How does ethanol get oxidised via microbial oxidation?
- Bacteria/fungi can use oxygen in the air to oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid - Happens aerobically - Represented in equation using the [O]
83
How does ethanol get oxidised via chemical oxidation?
- Heated with a mixture of potassium dichromate and dilute sulfuric acid - Orange to green colour change
84
What is the equation for ethanol combustion?
C2H5OH + 3O2 -----> 2CO2 + 2H2O
85
What is the equation for microbial oxidation of ethanol?
C2H5OH + 2[O] -----> Ch3COOH + H2O
86
What is the equation for chemical oxidation of ethanol?
C2H5OH + 2[O] -----> CH3COOH + H2)
87
What functional group are carboxylic acids?
-COOH
88
What is the formula for methanol acid?
HCOOH
89
What is the formula for ethnic acid?
CH3COOH
90
What is the formula for propanoic acid?
C2H5COOH
91
What is the formula for butanoic acid?
C3H7COOH
92
What is vinegar?
An aqueous solution of ethnic acid
93
How is vinegar made?
When the ethanol in wine undergoes microbial oxidation
94
What is the equation for vinegar?
C2H5OH + 2[O] -----> CH3COOH + H2O
95
Why does the carboxylic acid group lose its H+?
It becomes negatively charged
96
What can be observed when carboxylic acid reacts with metal?
- Effervescence: Hydrogen produced - Solid disappears: Metal used up in the reaction
97
What can be observed when carboxylic acid reacts with metal carbonate?
- Effervescence: Carbon dioxide produced - Solid disappears: Metal carbonate used up in the reaction
98
What is an ester?
A family of organic molecules which forms when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol join together by losing an H2O molecule
99
What is esters functional group?
-COO-
100
What does carboxylic acid + alcohol make?
Ester + Water
101
How do you make esters?
- Mix carboxylic acid and alcohol together - Add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst) - Warm it for a while - Tip the mixture into sodium carbonate solution (neutralises the catalyst) - Reaction produces CO2, so wait until fizzing has stopped
102
Why does the concentrated sulfuric acid need to be neutralised by the sodium carbonate solution?
Sulfuric acid is very corrosive
103
What is a polyester?
A polymer made of lots of molecules joined together in a chain by ester groups
104
What two types of monomers are needed to make a polyester?
Dicarboxylic acid and Diol
105
What is a condensation polymer?
A type of polymerisation, because each time a monomer joins the end of the chain, an H2O molecule is lost
106
What is a bipolyester?
A biodegradable polyester, which means microbes (bacteria/fungi) can use enzymes to break down the polymer into its monomers and use them as an energy supply
107
Why are bipolyesters useful?
Reduces reliance on landfill and incineration to dispose of used polyesters

Chemistry (18 decks)

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