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Chemistry > 4.5 Organic I > Flashcards

4.5 Organic I Flashcards

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1
Q

Uses for refinery gases?

A

Fuel for home cooking

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2
Q

Uses for gasoline?

A

Fuel for cars

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3
Q

Uses for kerosene?

A

Fuel for aircraft

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4
Q

Uses for diesel?

A

Fuel for trains

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5
Q

Uses for fuel oil?

A

Fuel for ships

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6
Q

Uses for bitumen?

A

Making roads

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7
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons, compounds of hydrogen, and carbon only

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8
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
  • Heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  • Vapours rise until they reach their boiling point, when they condense
  • Different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  • Similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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9
Q

What temperature do the hydrocarbons in kerosene condense at?

A

250°C - 350°C

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10
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

What do homologous series of organic molecules have?

A
  • Similar chemical reactions
  • Trends in physical properties (viscosity, BP, colour, etc)
  • The same general formula
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12
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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13
Q

Examples of incomplete combustion products?

A
  • Soot
  • Carbon monoxide
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14
Q

What 3 significant pollutants are released into the atmosphere by the combustion of alkanes?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxide
  • Sulphur dioxide
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15
Q

What does carbon dioxide do to the atmosphere?

A

A greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and causes climate change

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16
Q

What does nitrogen dioxide do to the atmosphere?

A

Dissolves into rainwater to for acid rain, which corrodes structure and harms plant aquatic life

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17
Q

What does sulphur dioxide do to the atmosphere?

A

Dissolves into rainwater to form acid rain

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18
Q

What type of reaction is with an alkane and halogen?

A

Substitution

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19
Q

What is cracking?

A

Taking the longer (less useful) alkanes and breaking them into smaller ones

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20
Q

What conditions does cracking occur under?

A
  • Temperature : 650°C
  • Catalyst: Aluminium Oxide
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21
Q

What does a long alkane make during cracking?

A

Shorter Alkane + Alkene

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22
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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23
Q

How do alkenes differ from alkanes?

A

Alkenes have a one C=C double-bond

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24
Q

What are the uses for poly(ethene)?

A
  • Drinks bottles
  • Shopping bags
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25
Q

What are the uses for poly(propene)?

A
  • Storage boxes
  • Climbing rope
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26
Q

What are the uses for poly(chloethene)

A
  • Wire insulation
  • Drain pipes
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27
Q

What are the uses for poly(tetrafluoroethene)?

A
  • Non-stick coating
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28
Q

What is the formula for methane?

A

CH4

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29
Q

What is the formula for ethane?

A

C2H6

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30
Q

What is the formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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31
Q

What is the formula for butane?

A

C4H10

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32
Q

What is the formula for pentane?

A

C5H12

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33
Q

What is structural formula?

A

Shows the structure of a molecule in one line (read left to right like a word)

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34
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

Only shows how many carbon and hydrogen atoms there are

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35
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

Only shows the simplest whole number ratio for carbon to hydrogen

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36
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

They are a family of molecules which have:
- Similar chemical reactions
- Trends in physical properties
- The same general formula

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37
Q

How does complete combustion occur?

A

When there is excess oxygen

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38
Q

What does complete combustion produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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39
Q

How does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When there isn’t enough oxygen

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40
Q

Why is incomplete combustion less useful than complete combustion?

A

Releases less energy so it makes the alkane less useful as a fuel

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41
Q

Why is complete combustion more useful than incomplete combustion?

A

Releases more energy so it makes the alkane less useful as a fuel

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42
Q

What are three signifiant pollutants into the atmosphere?

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxides
  • Sulphur dioxide
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43
Q

How does carbon dioxide harm the atmosphere?

A

Is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and causes climate change

44
Q

How does nitrogen oxides harm the atmosphere?

A

Dissolve in rain water to form acid rain (due to hot car engines) which corrodes structures and is harmful to plant and aquatic life

45
Q

How does sulphur dioxide harm the atmosphere?

A

Dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain

46
Q

How do alkanes react with halogens?

A

By swapping one hydrogen atom for one halogen atom

47
Q

What two details do you need to know about alkane and halogen reactions?

A
  • It is a substation reaction, because the H swaps with the Br
  • The reaction requires UV light because the alkane is pretty unreactive
48
Q

Why are alkenes referred to as unsaturated?

A

Because they have a C=C double bond

49
Q

Why are alkanes referred to as saturated?

A

They don’t have a C=C double bond

50
Q

What details are needed for a reaction with alkenes and bromine?

A
  • An addition reaction
  • Happens without UV light (alkenes are more reactive than alkanes)
  • Works with pure bromine liquid or bromine water (which is orange)
  • Mixture turns from orange to colourless
51
Q

What colour change occurs between alkenes and bromine?

A

Orange to colourless

52
Q

What colour is bromine water?

A

Orange

53
Q

What are small molecules that are added together called?

A

Monomers

54
Q

What is the long chain that monomers form when added together called?

A

Polymers

55
Q

What is the common polymer poly(ethene) used for?

A
  • Drinks bottles
  • Shopping bags
56
Q

What is the common polymer poly(propene) used for?

A
  • Storage boxes
  • Climbing ropes
57
Q

What is the common polymer poly(chloroethene) used for?

A
  • Wire insulation
  • Drainpipes
58
Q

What is the common polymer poly(tetraflouroethene) used for?

A
  • Non-stick coating
59
Q

What environmental issues are there with addition polymers?

A

They are inert, meaning comically unreactive. Therefore, don’t break down easily

60
Q

How can you dispose of an addition polymer?

A
  • Reuse it
  • Recycle it
  • Incinerate it (allows energy release to be used for electricity)
  • Chuck it into landfill
61
Q

What is formed when impurities in a hydrocarbon are combusted?

A

Sulfur dioxide

62
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaks down longer alkanes into smaller, more useful ones

63
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking?

A

Temperature: 650°C
Catalyst: Aluminium oxide

64
Q

What is the general equation for cracking?

A

Long alkane —– > Shorter alkane + Alkene

65
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They have a C=C double bond

66
Q

Why are alkanes saturated?

A

They don’t have a C=C double bond

67
Q

What is the formula for methanol?

A

CH3OH

68
Q

What is the formula for ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

69
Q

What is the formula for propanol?

A

C3H7OH

70
Q

What is the formula for butanol?

A

C4H9OH

71
Q

Advantages of hydration of ethanol?

A
  • Makes pure ethanol
  • Can run continuously
72
Q

Disadvantages of hydration of ethanol?

A
  • Conditions require lots of energy
  • Non-renewable raw materials used
73
Q

What raw material is used in hydration of ethanol?

A

Crude oil provides ethene

74
Q

What conditions are needed for hydration of ethanol?

A
  • 300°C
  • 65 atm pressure
  • Phosphoric acid catalyst
75
Q

Advantages of fermentation of glucose?

A
  • Renewable raw material used
  • Conditions not energy-intensive
76
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation of glucose?

A
  • Makes impure ethanol
  • Must be done in individual batches
77
Q

What raw material is used in fermentation of glucose?

A

Sugar cane provides the glucose

78
Q

What conditions are needed for fermentation of ethanol?

A
  • Yeast (provides enzymes)
  • 30°C: enzyme’s optimum temperature
  • Anaerobic: prevents oxidation
79
Q

What two ways can ethanol be manufactured?

A
  • Hydration of ethene
  • Fermentation of glucose
80
Q

What three ways can ethanol be oxidised?

A
  • Combustion
  • Microbial oxidation
  • Chemical oxidation
81
Q

How does ethanol get oxidised via combustion?

A
  • Needs to combust completely because of the oxygen atom in the -OH group
  • Results in a non-luminous, blue flame
82
Q

How does ethanol get oxidised via microbial oxidation?

A
  • Bacteria/fungi can use oxygen in the air to oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid
  • Happens aerobically
  • Represented in equation using the [O]
83
Q

How does ethanol get oxidised via chemical oxidation?

A
  • Heated with a mixture of potassium dichromate and dilute sulfuric acid
  • Orange to green colour change
84
Q

What is the equation for ethanol combustion?

A

C2H5OH + 3O2 —–> 2CO2 + 2H2O

85
Q

What is the equation for microbial oxidation of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH + 2[O] —–> Ch3COOH + H2O

86
Q

What is the equation for chemical oxidation of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH + 2[O] —–> CH3COOH + H2)

87
Q

What functional group are carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

88
Q

What is the formula for methanol acid?

A

HCOOH

89
Q

What is the formula for ethnic acid?

A

CH3COOH

90
Q

What is the formula for propanoic acid?

A

C2H5COOH

91
Q

What is the formula for butanoic acid?

A

C3H7COOH

92
Q

What is vinegar?

A

An aqueous solution of ethnic acid

93
Q

How is vinegar made?

A

When the ethanol in wine undergoes microbial oxidation

94
Q

What is the equation for vinegar?

A

C2H5OH + 2[O] —–> CH3COOH + H2O

95
Q

Why does the carboxylic acid group lose its H+?

A

It becomes negatively charged

96
Q

What can be observed when carboxylic acid reacts with metal?

A
  • Effervescence: Hydrogen produced
  • Solid disappears: Metal used up in the reaction
97
Q

What can be observed when carboxylic acid reacts with metal carbonate?

A
  • Effervescence: Carbon dioxide produced
  • Solid disappears: Metal carbonate used up in the reaction
98
Q

What is an ester?

A

A family of organic molecules which forms when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol join together by losing an H2O molecule

99
Q

What is esters functional group?

A

-COO-

100
Q

What does carboxylic acid + alcohol make?

A

Ester + Water

101
Q

How do you make esters?

A
  • Mix carboxylic acid and alcohol together
  • Add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst)
  • Warm it for a while
  • Tip the mixture into sodium carbonate solution (neutralises the catalyst)
  • Reaction produces CO2, so wait until fizzing has stopped
102
Q

Why does the concentrated sulfuric acid need to be neutralised by the sodium carbonate solution?

A

Sulfuric acid is very corrosive

103
Q

What is a polyester?

A

A polymer made of lots of molecules joined together in a chain by ester groups

104
Q

What two types of monomers are needed to make a polyester?

A

Dicarboxylic acid and Diol

105
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

A type of polymerisation, because each time a monomer joins the end of the chain, an H2O molecule is lost

106
Q

What is a bipolyester?

A

A biodegradable polyester, which means microbes (bacteria/fungi) can use enzymes to break down the polymer into its monomers and use them as an energy supply

107
Q

Why are bipolyesters useful?

A

Reduces reliance on landfill and incineration to dispose of used polyesters

Chemistry (18 decks)

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