4.5: Neural explanations

Question 1

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks)

Answer 1

OCD is determined by physiological means

Question 2

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
What does the neural explanation see OCD as resulting from?​

Answer 2

The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms​

Question 3

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
What have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning?

Answer 3

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning​

Question 4

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by what) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning?

Answer 4

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning​

Question 5

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in what?

Answer 5

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms​

Question 6

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that does what?

Answer 6

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition

Question 7

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
What have been implicated?

Answer 7

The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated​

Question 8

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting what?

Answer 8

The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD​

Question 9

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
What could there also be?

Answer 9

There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters​

Question 10

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like what?

Answer 10

There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin​

Question 11

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, why?

Answer 11

There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal​

Question 12

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

How does the genetic explanation see OCD?

Answer 12

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited

Question 13

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
What have researchers identified?

Answer 13

Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD​

Question 14

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called what?

Answer 14

Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes

Question 15

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
What are there?

Answer 15

There are specific gene markers

Question 16

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as what?

Answer 16

There are specific gene markers, such as:
1. Gene 9
2. COMT
Or,
3. SERT

Question 17

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, what?​

Answer 17

However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic

Question 18

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
What did Taylor (2013) find?

Answer 18

Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD

Question 19

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
What do family studies also indicate?

Answer 19

Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%

Question 20

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like what, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%?

Answer 20

Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%

Question 21

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to what?

Answer 21

Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%

Question 22

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 22

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD​

Question 23

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
Example

Answer 23

For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins​

Question 24

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
What does this strongly suggest?

Answer 24

This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD​

Question 25

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests what?

Answer 25

This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD​

Question 26

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, what?

Answer 26

However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence​

Question 27

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, why?

Answer 27

However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments

Question 28

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 28

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD​

Question 29

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD.
Example

Answer 29

For example, Zohar et al. gave mCPP, a drug that reduces serotonin levels, to about 10 OCD patients and 20 non-OCD control participants, finding that the symptoms of OCD were significantly enhanced in the OCD patients​

Question 30

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD.
For example, Zohar et al. gave mCPP, a drug that reduces serotonin levels, to about 10 OCD patients and 20 non-OCD control participants, finding that the symptoms of OCD were significantly enhanced in the OCD patients.
What does this suggest?

Answer 30

This suggests that the sufferers’ OCD was related to abnormal levels of serotonin and that the biological approach is therefore a valid explanation of OCD​

Question 31

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD.
For example, Zohar et al. gave mCPP, a drug that reduces serotonin levels, to about 10 OCD patients and 20 non-OCD control participants, finding that the symptoms of OCD were significantly enhanced in the OCD patients.
This suggests that the sufferers’ OCD was related to abnormal levels of serotonin and that the biological approach is therefore a valid explanation of OCD.

Third AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 31

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD

Question 32

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD.
For example, Zohar et al. gave mCPP, a drug that reduces serotonin levels, to about 10 OCD patients and 20 non-OCD control participants, finding that the symptoms of OCD were significantly enhanced in the OCD patients.
This suggests that the sufferers’ OCD was related to abnormal levels of serotonin and that the biological approach is therefore a valid explanation of OCD.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
What have studies of decision making shown?

Answer 32

Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al)

Question 33

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD.
For example, Zohar et al. gave mCPP, a drug that reduces serotonin levels, to about 10 OCD patients and 20 non-OCD control participants, finding that the symptoms of OCD were significantly enhanced in the OCD patients.
This suggests that the sufferers’ OCD was related to abnormal levels of serotonin and that the biological approach is therefore a valid explanation of OCD.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, what?

Answer 33

However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD

Question 34

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD.
For example, Zohar et al. gave mCPP, a drug that reduces serotonin levels, to about 10 OCD patients and 20 non-OCD control participants, finding that the symptoms of OCD were significantly enhanced in the OCD patients.
This suggests that the sufferers’ OCD was related to abnormal levels of serotonin and that the biological approach is therefore a valid explanation of OCD.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD.
We cannot therefore really claim to understand the what?

Answer 34

We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD

Question 35

Discuss the biological approach to explaining OCD (16 marks).
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation, and so the biological approach, is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the neural explanation of OCD.
For example, Zohar et al. gave mCPP, a drug that reduces serotonin levels, to about 10 OCD patients and 20 non-OCD control participants, finding that the symptoms of OCD were significantly enhanced in the OCD patients.
This suggests that the sufferers’ OCD was related to abnormal levels of serotonin and that the biological approach is therefore a valid explanation of OCD.

The third AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD.
We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD and what does this suggest?

Answer 35

We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD and this suggests that the biological approach to explaining OCD is not valid