4.5: Genetic explanations Flashcards
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer
OCD is determined by physiological means
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
What does the neural explanation see OCD as resulting from?
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
What have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning?
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by what) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning?
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in what?
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that does what?
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
What have been implicated?
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting what?
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
What could there also be?
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like what?
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, why?
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
What does Emma suggest?
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a what cause?
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
How does the genetic explanation see OCD?
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
What have researchers identified?
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called what?
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
What are there?
There are specific gene markers
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as what?
There are specific gene markers, such as: 1. Gene 9 2. COMT Or, 3. SERT
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, what?
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
What did Taylor (2013) find?
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
What do family studies also indicate?
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like what, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%?
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to what?
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
What does Melanie suggest?
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, why?
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a what cause?
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
Example
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
What does this strongly suggest?
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests what?
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, what?
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, why?
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.
Second AO3 PEEL paragraph
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
What have studies of decision making shown that?
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al)
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, what?
However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD.
We cannot therefore really claim to do what?
We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD
Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.
Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.
Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.
Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.
The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.
Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.
The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD.
We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD and what does this suggest?
We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD and this suggests that the neural explanation is not a valid explanation of OCD
