4.5: Genetic explanations

Question 1

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer

Answer 1

OCD is determined by physiological means

Question 2

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
What does the neural explanation see OCD as resulting from?

Answer 2

The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms

Question 3

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
What have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning?

Answer 3

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning

Question 4

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by what) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning?

Answer 4

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning

Question 5

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in what?

Answer 5

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms

Question 6

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that does what?

Answer 6

Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition​

Question 7

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
What have been implicated?

Answer 7

The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated​

Question 8

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting what?

Answer 8

The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD​

Question 9

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
What could there also be?

Answer 9

There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters​

Question 10

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like what?

Answer 10

There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin

Question 11

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, why?

Answer 11

There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal

Question 12

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

What does Emma suggest?

Answer 12

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain

Question 13

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a what cause?

Answer 13

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause

Question 14

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

How does the genetic explanation see OCD?

Answer 14

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited​

Question 15

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
What have researchers identified?

Answer 15

Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD

Question 16

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called what?

Answer 16

Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes​​

Question 17

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
What are there?

Answer 17

There are specific gene markers

Question 18

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as what?

Answer 18

There are specific gene markers, such as:
1. Gene 9
2. COMT
Or,
3. SERT

Question 19

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, what?

Answer 19

However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic

Question 20

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
What did Taylor (2013) find?

Answer 20

Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD

Question 21

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
What do family studies also indicate?

Answer 21

Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%

Question 22

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like what, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%?

Answer 22

Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%

Question 23

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to what?

Answer 23

Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%

Question 24

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

What does Melanie suggest?

Answer 24

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD

Question 25

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, why?

Answer 25

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative

Question 26

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a what cause?

Answer 26

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause

Question 27

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
First AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 27

The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD

Question 28

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
Example

Answer 28

For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins

Question 29

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
What does this strongly suggest?

Answer 29

This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD

Question 30

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests what?

Answer 30

This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD

Question 31

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, what?

Answer 31

However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence

Question 32

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, why?

Answer 32

However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments

Question 33

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

Second AO3 PEEL paragraph

Answer 33

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD

Question 34

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
What have studies of decision making shown that?

Answer 34

Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al)

Question 35

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, what?

Answer 35

However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD

Question 36

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD.
We cannot therefore really claim to do what?

Answer 36

We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD

Question 37

Two students were discussing their friend David who has recently been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Melanie says, “It wasn’t a surprise to me that David has OCD because his mum is always tidying things, putting them in order and checking switches”.

Emma says, “Really, I didn’t know that. I always thought that people with OCD have something in their brains that makes them behave in that way”.

Outline and evaluate neural and genetic explanations for obsessive-compulsive disorder (16 marks).
Refer to the conversation above in your answer.
OCD is determined by physiological means.
The neural explanation sees OCD as resulting from abnormally functioning brain mechanisms.
Breakdowns in immune functioning resulting from conditions like Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks) and influenza have been linked to reductions in immune system functioning, which result in damage to neural mechanisms that triggers the condition.
The basal ganglia and other circuits have been implicated, suggesting that disturbed communication in these structures might account for the repetitive behaviours seen in OCD.
There could also be low levels of neurotransmitters, like serotonin, because serotonin may be removed too quickly before it has transmitted its signal.

Emma suggests that David could have OCD due to a biological factor which would be in his brain – a neural cause.

The genetic explanation sees OCD is being inherited.
Researchers have identified genes that create Researchers have identified genes that create vulnerability for OCD, called candidate genes.
There are specific gene markers, such as gene 9, COMT or SERT.
However, like many conditions, OCD seems to be polygenetic.
Taylor (2013) found evidence that up to 230 different genes may be involved in OCD.
Family studies also indicate that if first degree relatives, like parents, have OCD, then the prevalence rate is 10%, compared to the prevalence rate of 2%.

Melanie suggests that David might have inherited OCD, because his mother displays similar behaviours and may have passed on a genetic marker to him as a first degree relative – a genetic cause.
The first AO3 PEEL paragraph is that there is research support for the genetic explanation of OCD.
For example, Nestadt et al. reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins shared OCD, as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.
This strongly suggests a genetic influence on OCD and suggests that the genetic explanation is a valid explanation of OCD.
However, twin studies are flawed as genetic evidence, because they make the assumption that identical twins are only more similar than non-identical twins in terms of their genes, but overlook the fact that identical twins may also be more similar in terms of shared environments.

The second AO3 PEEL paragraph is that it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
Studies of decision making have shown that these neural systems are the same systems that function abnormally in OCD sufferers (Cavedini et al).
However, research has also identified other brain systems that may be involved sometimes, but no system has been found that always plays a role in OCD.
We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD and what does this suggest?

Answer 37

We cannot therefore really claim to understand the neural mechanisms involved in OCD and this suggests that the neural explanation is not a valid explanation of OCD