4.3.2 Monoclonal antibodies Flashcards
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Identical antibodies produced from a single clone of cells that target a specific antigen.
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
A mouse is injected with a specific antigen to stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. The lymphocytes are combined with tumour cells to form a hybridoma cell. Hybridoma cells divide rapidly and produce large amounts of the antibody. The antibodies are cloned, collected, and purified.
Why are tumour cells used in producing monoclonal antibodies?
Tumour cells divide rapidly, allowing the production of large quantities of antibodies.
What is a hybridoma cell?
A fused cell made from a lymphocyte and a tumour cell that produces monoclonal antibodies.
Name four uses of monoclonal antibodies.
Diagnosis – Used in pregnancy tests.
Laboratory testing – Measure hormone levels or detect pathogens.
Medical research – Identify molecules in cells/tissues using fluorescent dyes.
Cancer treatment – Monoclonal antibodies deliver radioactive/toxic substances to cancer cells.
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?
They detect the hCG hormone in urine, which indicates pregnancy.
How do monoclonal antibodies help in cancer treatment?
They can be attached to a radioactive substance, toxic drug, or chemical to target and kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.
Why are monoclonal antibodies not widely used as originally expected?
They cause more side effects than initially thought.
What is an ethical issue related to monoclonal antibodies?
The use of mice in their production raises animal welfare concerns.
