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Biology Year 1 > 4.3 Classification & Evolution > Flashcards

4.3 Classification & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the Taxonomical Classification System

A

In the system there are 8 taxonomic groups (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) where each group is called taxon.

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2
Q

what are the 3 reasons why scientists classify organism

A

To identify species- By using a clearly defined system of classification, the species an Organism belongs to can be easily identified.

To predict characteristics- If several members in a group have a specific characteristic, it is likely that another species in the group will also have the same characteristic.

To find evolutionary links- Species in the same group probably share characteristics because they have evolved from a common ancestor.

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3
Q

what is binomial System

A

Naming system where species are identified by 2 names:
1. The first name is the genus
2. The second name is the specific name which is the organisms species

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4
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryote
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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5
Q

what are the main characteristics of prokaryotes
(3)

A

Unicellular

No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

No feeding mechanism: nutrients are just absorbed through cell wall or photosynthesis

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6
Q

what are the main characteristics of protoctista (5)

A

Unicellular

A nucleus & other membrane bound organelles

Some have chloroplast

Some move by cilia or flagella

Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders) or indigestion of another organism (heterotrophic feeders)

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7
Q

Key characteristics of fungi
(7)

A

Unicellular or Multicellular

A nucleus & other membrane bound organelles and a cell wall mainly composed of chitin

No chloroplast or chlorophyll

No mechanism for locomotion

Store food as glycogen

Nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material (saprophytic feeders)

Body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae

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8
Q

Key characteristics of Plantae (6)

A

Multicellular

A nucleus with other membrane-bound organelles including chloroplast and a cell wall mainly composed of cellulose

Contain chlorophyl

Nutrients are acquired through photosynthesis as they are autotrophic feeders

Store food as starch

Don’t move

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9
Q

What are the key characteristics of animalia (6)

A

Multicellular

No chloroplast

A nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles

Move with aid of cilia, flagella, or contractile proteins, sometimes in the form of muscular organs

Nutrients are acquired by ingestion (heterotrophic feeders)

Food stored as glycogen

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10
Q

Who made the 3 domain system & what is it

A

Carl Woese classified organisms into 3 domains depending on the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA, as well as the cells’ membrane lipid structure and their sensitivity to antibiotics

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11
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

Eukarya
Archae
Bacteria

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12
Q

what type of ribosome do eukarya have & what is there RNA like

A

Have 80s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

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13
Q

what type of ribosome do Archaea have & what is there RNA like

A

Have 70s ribosomes

RNA of different organisms contains between 8-10 proteins and is very similar to eukaryotic ribosome

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14
Q

what type of ribosome do Bacteria have & what is there RNA like

A

Have 70s ribosomes

RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

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15
Q

what is Archaeabacteria

A

Kingdom of Archaea Domain
Also known ancient bacteria

Live in extreme environments; thermal vents, anaerobic conditions and highly acidic environments

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16
Q

what is Eubacteria

A

Kingdom of Bacteria Domain
Known as true bacteria

Found in all environments

Most bacteria belong to this domain

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17
Q

Describe Phylogenetic Trees

A

Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary relationships between group of organisms

It is used for classification as it shows evolutionary & genetic links between organisms

An end of a branch indicates that 2 species share a common ancestor

Produced by looking at similarities and differences in species’ physical characteristic & genetic makeup

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18
Q

3 Advantages of using Phylogenetic Trees

A

Classification which uses knowledge of phylogeny to confirm classification groups as correct

Phylogeny has a continuous tree, whereas classification has taxonomical groups. So, you must force an Organism into a group, which it doesn’t quite fit.

Regular classification suggests groups within the same rank are equal, but then not. EG you can’t compare cuts and bold shades because orgs have been around longer and have more species. Regular classification doesn’t show this.

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19
Q

Backround of evolution

A

Caused by natural selection

Initially proposed by Wallace 1858, when he submitted his ideas to Darwin to be peer-reviewed

Darwin had been aboard the HMS Beagle prior to this conducting his own research into the theory by using finches on each Galapagos Island

As Wallace ideas were so like Darwin’s they worked together to publish scientific journals in 1858 and later Darwin independently published ‘On the Origin of Species’

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20
Q

what are the 3 evidences for evolution

A

Comparative Anatomy
DNA
Fossils

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21
Q

how can fossils act as evidence for evolution

A

Are imprints or remains of dead animals and plants in rocks from a long time ago. Fossils help support the theory of natural selection and evolution in a range of ways. The fossil record provides evidence of how species have changed over time & our species have evolved.

22
Q

How is DNA used as evidence for evolution

A

By comparing DNA base sequences of common genes or other molecular evidence, we can examine how closely related different species are. This has enabled scientists to estimate. The point of history when two species shared a common ancestor. Cytochrome C is a protein found in mitochondria, which. Many species have. This is often the protein or gene that is compared.

23
Q

how is comparative anatomy used as evidence for evolution

A

Involves comparing the body structures of different species. In many species the limbs all show a common bone structure. This is called the pentadactyl limb, and we see this in many vertebrate species, not just mammals. Scientist call features like the pentadactyl limb homologous structures. Homologous structures appear different on the surface but have the same internal structure. This suggests that the pentadactyl limb evolved in a common ancestor. Over millions of years, our species formed and evolved to live in different habitats. The Pentadactyl limb adapted to serve different functions.

24
Q

what are the 2 types of variation & define them

A

Interspecific Variation: widest type of variation between members of different species

Intraspecific Variation: Variation & differences between organisms within a species

25
Q

Which 2 factors cause variation

A

Genetic
Environmental

26
Q

5 genetic factors which cause variation

A
  1. Alleles
  2. Meiosis
  3. Mutations
  4. Chance
  5. sexual Reproduction
27
Q

how does alleles cause genetic variation

A

Genes have alternative forms. This means there will be alternative versions of characteristics depending on the alternative allele

28
Q

how does mutations cause genetic variation

A

Changes in DNA sequence leas to change in the protein it codes for and if a protein changes, then the physical and metabolic characteristics might change too. This change can also be passed on to the offspring if mutation occurs in gamete which can lead to further variation down the line

29
Q

How does Meiosis cause genetic Variation

A

During meiosis, before the nucleus divides and the chromatids of a chromosome separate, the genetic material inherited from the two parents is mixed up by independent. Assortment and crossing over. This leads to the gametes of an individual showing variation.

30
Q

how does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation

A

The offspring produced from 2 individuals inherit alleles from each of the parents. Everyone produced therefore differs from the parent.

31
Q

how does chance cause genetic variation

A

Many different gametes are produced from the parental genome during sexual reproduction. It is a result of chance as to which to combine. The individuals produced therefore also differ from their siblings as each contains a unique combination of genetic material.

32
Q

what is continous data

A

A characteristic where the value can take any value

33
Q

what is discontinous data

A

a characteristic that can only result in certain values

34
Q

What is normal distribution curve and what are the 4 qualities of it

A

When continuous variation data is plotted on graph, they usually result in production of a bell-shaped curve known as normal & the characteristics include:

1) The mean, mode and median are the same

2) Has Bell shape which is symmetrical about the mean

3) 50% of values are less than mean & 50% of values are greater than mean

4) Most values lie close to mean value – The number of individuals at the extreme ends are low

35
Q

what is standard deviation and key information about it

A

Is a measure of how spread out the data is

The greater the SD the greater the spread of data / variation of data values

68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean

95% of values lie within 2 SD of the mean

99.7% of values are within 3 standard deviations of the mean

Smaller the SD the more tightly clustered the values are around the mean and less variation in data

36
Q

Student T test

A

Used to compare the mean values of 2 sets of data

Data must be normally distributed

There must be enough data to make the calculation reliable

Different sample sizes may be used

37
Q

Spearman’s rank coreelation coefficient

A

This is used to consider the relationship between 2 sets of data

38
Q

what is an adaptation

A

A characteristic that increase an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in its environment.

39
Q

what is anatomical adaptation

A

Adaptation of physical features.

40
Q

4 examples of anatomical adaptations

A

Camouflage

Body covering e.g. spikes & hairs to protect.

Teeth, EG different shapes for different diets.

Mimicry to copy another animal’s appearance or sound fool predator

41
Q

what is Marram Grass

A

Marram Grass (xerophyte plant) has adapted to reduce the rate of transpiration

42
Q

4 Anatomical adaptations of marram grass

A

curled needs to minimise surface area exposed.

Hairs to trap moist air.

Sunken Stomata to less lightly open them.

Thick waxy cuticle to reduce water loss via evaporation.

43
Q

what is behavioural adaptations

A

Adaptation in way that an organism act which are learnt through observation or parents

44
Q

2 examples of behavioural adaptations

A

Courtship – Many animals exhibit elaborate courtship behaviours to attract a mate to increase chance of reproducing

Seasonal behaviours – enable organism to cope with change in their environment e.g. Migration & hibernation

45
Q

what is physiological adaptations

A

Adaptation which takes place inside organism

46
Q

3 examples of physical adaptations

A

Water holding - Frogs storing water inside the body to survive a long time without water.

Antibiotic production - Some bacteria produce antibiotics to kill other species of bacteria.

Poison production - Reptiles produce venom to kill their prey, or plants have poison on their leaves

47
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

When unrelated species have similar anatomical features. This occurs because they are exposed to similar selection pressures & environments

48
Q

3 examples of convergent evolution

A

Marsupials & Placental mice: are both small & agile climbers that live in dense ground and forage in the night for small food items. They are also similar in size & body.

Flying Phalangers & flying squirrels: Both are gliders that eat insects and plants. Their skin is stretched between their forelimbs and hind limbs to provide a large surface area from gliding from one tree to the next.

Marsupia & Placental Moles: Both borrow through soft soil to find worms and grubs. They have a streamlined body shape and modified forelimbs for digging. They also have velvety fair which allow smooth movement through the soil. They differ in fur colour as the marsupial mole ranges in colour from white to orange, whereas the placental mole is grey

49
Q

analogous structures

A

Structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in origin.

50
Q

homologous structures

A

structures which are similar in origin but not in function.

51
Q

5 steps to natural selection

A

Organisms in a species have variation in their characteristic caused by differences in genes.

Organisms are exposed to an environment at a selection pressure. Those who are well adapted to the pressure survive and reproduce.

Organisms who reproduced pass on the advantageous allele or characteristic.

Over generations and reproductive success, the advantageous allele coding for advantageous characteristic which causes the characteristic then increases in frequency.

Over a long period of time and many generations, the process can lead to the evolution of a new species.

Biology Year 1 (16 decks)

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