2.2 Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is a hydrogen bond.
When does this happen
Bond between atoms due to the interactions between positive + negative regions. This happens when an atom in a molecule has greater number of protons which exert strong attraction on electrons pulling them towards itself giving it a slightly negative charge while the other atoms has a slightly positive charge
what is polar
when there is uneven distribution of electrons causing atoms to having regions of charges
what is the strength of Hydrogen bonds
They are weak but many of them provide collective strength
what are monomers
Individual molecules that bind to their identical molecules to form a polymer
What are polymers
large molecules and chains that are made from smaller molecules called monomers
Condensation reaction
Reaction that occurs when 2 molecules are joined together with the removal of water
Hydrolysis Reaction
Reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into 2 smaller molecules with the addition of water
Why is water liquid at room temperature
Due to many hydrogen bonds between water molecules which make it difficult for it become a gas
What is the viscosity of water like
Has a low viscosity which allows it to flow around
How does this help wildlife
- provides habitats for living things in rivers and lakes
- Forms a major component of tissue in living organism
- Provide reaction meduim for chemical reaction
What is the density of any liquid like then compared to water
As liquid get colder the density increases. Water does the same until the temperature reaches 4 degrees at which the density stays the same
Why is this
Due to the polar nature of water to allow water molecules to allign themselves in a less dense structure with more gaps
How is this helpful
- Aquatic organisms have a stable environment in which to live in water
- Ponds and other bodies of water are insulated against extreme cold. The layers of ice reduces the rate of heat loss
Why is water a good solvent
Due to the polarity of water the positive and negative parts of the water are attracted to positive and negative parts of the solute. The water molecules cluster around them and seperate them and keep them apart to allow it to dissolve
How is this helpful
- Molecules and ions can be transported around living things whilst dissolved in water
- Molecules and ions can move around and react together. many such reactions happen in cytoplasm which is 70% water
What is LHOV
Helps the molecules break away from each other to become gas
Why does water have high LHOV
many hydrogen bonds
How is this helpful
-keeps the temperature stable
-Sweat evaporating cools living things
What is SHC
The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of substance by 1 degree
What is waters SHC
4.2Ki
How is this helpful
- Living Organisms require a controlled temperature and stable environment for enzymes controlled reactions
- Aquatic organisms need a stable environment in which to live in
how is water a good reactant
it is involved in many important reactions
For example
Digestion + Synthesising large biological molecules
what is cohesion
The hydrogen bonds between molecules are strong which pulls them together when you pour water on the surface it doesn’t spread instead it gathers together
where is cohesion used
collumns of water in plant vascular tissue are pulled up by the xylem tissue from the roots
what is surface tension
The water molecules at surface of water are bonded to those beneath making them more attracted to the water molecules beneath than the molecules in the air. This means that surface of water contracts ( due to molecules being pulled inwards ) which gives the surface of the water the ability to resist force applied due to surface tension
where is surface tension used
Insects like pond-skaters can walk on water
what elements are found in carbohydrates
C , H , O
3 uses of carbohydrates
1.Acts as a source of energy (glucose)
2. Acts as a store of energy (Starch & Glycogen)
3. Acts as a structural unit (Cellulose)
What are monosaccharides
Simplest carbohydrates and act as monomer for larger structures
3 monosaccharides
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose
in alpha glucose on the 1st carbon hydrogen in at the top while OH is at the bottom
What is a dissacharide
Formed when 2 monosaccharides join together by condensation
What does a condensation reaction form
1-4 Glycosidic Bond
A glucose + A glucose
maltose
A glucose + Fructose
sucrose
B Galactose + A glucose
Lactose
B Glucose + B glucose
cellobiose
What is a polysaccharide
polymers of monosaccharides bonded together using a condensation reaction
Homopolysaccharide
Polysaccharide that’s made from 1 type of monosaccharide
Hetropolysaccharide
polysaccharide that’s made from from different types of monosaccharide
what polymers are starch made from
2 alpha glucose
( Amylopectin , Amylose )
what bonds are there in starch
1,4 in amylose
1,4 + 1,6 in amylopectin
what is the function of starch
storing glucose
location of starch
plant cells
how does structure of starch lead to its function
- helix is compact to fit a lot of space
- Branched structure increase surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose
- Insoluble ( won’t affect water potential )
what is the structure of amylose like
- unbranched chain coils to form helix
- The hydrogen bonds keep it in place
- The hydroxyl on carbon-2 is situated on the inside of coil making it less soluble and allowing it to maintain the coil structure due to h-bonds
what is the structure of amylopectin like
- Coils up to form spirals
- Held together by hydrogen bonds
- Branches emerge from the spiral
what monomers are glycogen made from
a glucose
what bonds are there
1,4
1,6