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A level Biology > 4.3 classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.3 classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

define binomial system

A

system that uses the genum and species name when naming animals to avoid confusion

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2
Q

Why do we classify things?

A

for convenience
to make the study of things more manageable
to make it easier to identify things
to help see relationships between species

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3
Q

What is the classification hierarchy?

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

Define domain

A

highest taxonomic rank
eukaryotae, archea and eubateria

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5
Q

define kingdom

A

there are 5 kingdoms
protoctista, eukaryota, plantae, animalia, fungi

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6
Q

define phylum

A

groups species with similar body plans

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7
Q

define class

A

organisms that possess similar traits such as number of legs

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8
Q

define order

A

subdivision using additional information such as diet

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9
Q

define family

A

group of closely related genera

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10
Q

define genus

A

group of closely related species

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11
Q

why is the binomial naming system used

A

to avoid confusion

different species may have the same common name

or the same species may be called different common names in different areas

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12
Q

What is the biological definition of a species

A

organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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13
Q

What is the phylogenetic definition of a species

A

group of individual organisms that are similar in biochemistry anatomy genetics and appearance

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14
Q

explain why better microscopes lead to improved classification

A

better microscopes made it clear that many single celled organisms share features of both plants and animals

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15
Q

why were fungi difficult to classify

A

their hyphae grow into their surroundings similar to roots but they do not photosynthesise

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16
Q

define autotrophic

A

absorb simple molecules and build them up into larger organic molecule

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17
Q

define saprophytic

A

cause decay

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18
Q

define heterotrophic

A

digest large organic molecules to form smaller molecules

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19
Q

describe the prokaryotae kingdom

A

have no nucleus only a loop of free DNA
no membrane bound organelles
smaller that eukaryotes
may be free living or parasitic

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20
Q

describe the protoctista kingdom

A

show a wide variety of forms and can display animal or plant like features such as nutrition
eukaryotic
mostly free living
mostly single celled

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21
Q

describe the fungi kingdom

A

eukaryotic
have walls made of chitin
saprophytic nutrition
cytoplasm that is multinucleate

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22
Q

describe the plantae kingdom

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
cellulose cell wall
contain chlorophyll
autotrophic

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23
Q

Describe the animalia kingdom

A

eukaryotic
multi cellular
heterotrophic
usually able to move around

24
Q

define convergent evolution

A

two unrelated species that adapt in similar ways and therefore look similar

25
Q

why can biological molecules be used as evidence in classification?

A

certain large biological molecules are found in all living things
two organisms with similar molecules will be closely related

26
Q

what is cytochrome c

A

protein used in respiration

27
Q

how can cytochrome c be used in classification

A

if the sequences are the same the two species are closely related
if the sequences are different the organisms arent closely related

28
Q

what other biological molecules can be used as evidence in classification

A

DNA

29
Q

Describe why the three domain classification system was introduced

A

he divided the prokaryotae domain into archae and eubacteria as they were bothe significantly different

30
Q

What are some differences between archeae and eubacteria

A

different cell membrane
different enzymes for synthesising RNA
different mechanisms for DNA replication

31
Q

define phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

32
Q

define artificial classification

A

based on only a few characteristics
doesn’t reflect evolutionary relationships
provides limited information
is stable

33
Q

describe natural classification

A

uses many characteristics
reflects evolutionary relationships
changes with advancing knowledge
provides useful info

34
Q

define natural selection

A

the term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on reproduction of individuals in a population

35
Q

How did Wallace contribute to Darwins conclusion

A

He was a naturalist that came to the same conclusions as Darwin

36
Q

What 4 observations did Darwin make

A

offspring generally appear similar to their parents
no two individuals are identical
populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable
organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring

37
Q

What 3 conclusions did Darwin come to

A

there is a struggle to survive
better adapted individuals survive and pass on their advantageous alleles to their offspring
over time a number of changes gave rise to a new species

38
Q

how were fossils evidence for evolution?

A

Showed that the world was inhabited by species that are different to those today
old species have died out and new ones have arisen
new species often appear similar to the old ones

39
Q

how are biological molecules evidence for evolution

A

the fact that certain molecules are found throughout the living world
two closely related species will have similar biological molecules
biological molecules differ more between species that diverged a long while ago

40
Q

define intraspecific variation

A

variation between members of the same species such as eye colour

41
Q

define interspecific variation

A

variation between species

42
Q

define continuous variation

A

variation where there are two extremes and a full range of intermediate values between them
e.g. height in humans
length of leaves in an oak tree

43
Q

Define discontinuous variation

A

variation where there are distinct categories and nothing inbetween
e.g. gender
blood type

44
Q

What are the causes of variation

A

genetic
environmental

45
Q

Describe genetic variation

A

the genes we inherit from our parents are used to provide information that define our characteristics and the alleles that we inherit are not the same as that in any other living thing

our combination of characteristics is completely unique

46
Q

Describe environmental variation

A

characteristic affected by our environment
e.g. an overfed pet will become obese
sun exposure can make a persons skin darker

47
Q

What are the combined effects of genetic and environmental variation

A

not all our genes are active at any time and changes in the environment can affect which genes are active

over the centuries the human population has become taller but if your family is short you will most likely remain short

48
Q

define adaptation

A

characteristic that enhances survival in a habitat

49
Q

What will a well adapted organism be able to do

A

find enough water and food
defend itself from predators and disease
respond to changes in its environment
have sufficient energy to reproduce

50
Q

define anatomical adaptations

A

anatomical structural features

51
Q

give examples of anatomical adaptations

A

marram grass:
long and wide roots
curled leaves to reduce surface area
lower epidermis covered in hairs
low density of stomata
thick waxy cuticle

52
Q

define behavioural adaptations

A

the way an organisms behaviour is modified for survival

53
Q

give some examples of behavioural adaptations

A

when touched the earthworm contracts and goes back to its burrow
marram grass responds to a shortage of water by rolling its leaves

54
Q

define physiological adaptations

A

affect the way processes work

55
Q

give some examples of physiological adaptations

A

specialised hinge cells which roll marram grass leaves
stomatal closure lignified cells in the leaves to maintain turgidity

56
Q

what animal is an example of convergent evolution

A

marsupial and placental moles are both burrowing animals so they have adapted in similar ways and may look similar

small eyes
cylindrical body
strong front legs with claws

A level Biology (25 decks)

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