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A level Biology > 4.2 biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2 biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

define biodiversity

A

measure of variation in the living world

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2
Q

describe habitat biodiversity

A

range of habitats in which different species live in

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3
Q

describe species biodiversity

A

range of organisms found in a habitat

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4
Q

define species evenness

A

the degree to which species are represented

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5
Q

define species richness

A

number of species in a habitat

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6
Q

describe genetic biodiversity

A

variation between individuals belonging to the same species

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7
Q

what are the non-random types of sampling

A

opportunistic
systematic
stratifies

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8
Q

describe random sampling

A

where samples sites inside a habitat are randomly sampled

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9
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of random sampling

A

+ ensures data isnt biased
-may not cover all areas and lead to underestimate of biodiversity

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10
Q

describe opportunistic sampling

A

sampling made based on prior knowledge

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11
Q

what are the pros and cons of opportunistic sampling

A

+quicker and easier than random sampling
-data may be biased
-may lead to an overestimate of biodiversity

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12
Q

describe stratifies sampling

A

dividing habitat into areas which seem different

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13
Q

what are the pros and cons of stratified sampling

A

+ ensures all different areas of a habitat are sampled
-possibility of over-representation

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14
Q

describe systematic sampling

A

when samples are taken at fixed intervals e.g. with a belt transect

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15
Q

What are the pros and cons of systematic sampling

A

+useful when habitat shows gradient e.g. going away from a pond
-only species on the line are counter and others may be missed leading to an underestimate

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16
Q

What are some ways plants can be sampled

A

random quadrats
transect

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17
Q

What are some ways to sample animals

A

sweep net
pitfall trap = hole in ground
tullgren funnel = light trap used to catch flying insects into preserving liquid
longworth trap = used to catch small mammals

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18
Q

what is capture recapture

A

used to calculate size of populations

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19
Q

How do you calculate organism populations using capture recapture

A

capture1 * number of captures2 / number of recaptures

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20
Q

What affects biodiversity

A

human population growth
agriculture
climate change

21
Q

define monoculture

A

crop consisting of a strain of one species

22
Q

define keystone species

A

one that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance

23
Q

define soil depletion

A

loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals or continuous cropping

24
Q

What are some reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

ecological -interdependence of organisms and genetic resource
economic
aesthetic

25
Q

what is CITES

A

the convention on international trade in endangered species

26
Q

how many species were deemed at risk from international trade

A

25000

27
Q

what are the aims of CITES

A

regulate and monitor international trade
ensure that international trade doesnt endanger survival of populations in the wild
ensure that trade of wild plants for commercial use is prohibited
ensure that trade for artificially propogated plants is allowed

28
Q

What is standard deviation used to measure?

A

measures amount of variation or spread from the mean

29
Q

What is the use of the students T-test

A

used to compare two means

30
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

there is no significant correlation between the data

31
Q

What is the use of the correlation coefficient

A

used to consider relationships between means

32
Q

what does it mean when your answer is below the degree of freedom

A

It means that you accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant correlation between the data or means

33
Q

What is conservation ex situ

A

conservation outside the normal habitat of the species

34
Q

What is conservation in situ

A

active management to maintain biodiversity in the natural environment

35
Q

What is the use of the simpsons index

A

measure of biodiversity in a habitat and a high value indicates a high biodiversity

36
Q

what are some examples of in situ conservation

A

establishing protected areas such as national parks
controlling or preventing introduction of species
habitat protection
protecting food sources or nesting sites

37
Q

What are some examples of ex situ conservation

A

relocating an organism to a safer area e.g. white rhinos from congo to kenya
breeding in captivity and reintroducing them to the wild
botanic gardens
seed banks - freezing seeds and storing them in seed banks

38
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of in situ conservation

A

+ both species and habitat tend to be conserved
+less disruptive
-difficult to control factors threatening a species such as poachers and climate change

39
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of ex situ conservation

A

+can be used to protect individual animals in a controlled environment so poaching can be managed
-only a small number of individuals can be cared for
-difficult and expensive to create and sustain that environment
-less successful
-many species can’t bread successfully
-many dont adapt to their new environments

40
Q

what are the advantages of botanic gardens

A

seeds can be stored and germinated in protected areas
stored in huge numbers without occupying too much space
plants can often be bred asexually
prolong their life as they are in their dormant life stage

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of botanic gardens

A

collecting wild seeds will always cause disturbance
may not have representative level of genetic variation
seeds from different areas may be genetically different and may not succeed in those areas

42
Q

what is a seed bank

A

how may seed banks be used collection of seed samples which can stay viable for decades

43
Q

what are the uses of seed banks

A

provide seeds for food crops and disease resistant crops for agriculture

44
Q

How are seeds stored

A

dry or freezing conditions

45
Q

describe the aims of the rio convention on biological diversity

A

conservation of biological diversity and sustainable uses of its components

appropriate access to genetic resources and scientific knowledge

fair sharing of benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources

46
Q

What does international cooperation involve

A

sharing of research, genetic information and new technology
usually ex situ conservation

47
Q

What does the EIA consider before a development

A

Biodiversity in the area
the size of the development
the damage caused by the development
the sustainable management of the development

48
Q

give an example of a local conservation scheme

A

countryside stewardship scheme

49
Q

describe the countryside stewardship scheme

A

applied to land that was not considered to be in an environmentally sensitive area and provides funding to farmers and other land managers in england to deliver effective environmental management on their land

aims of improving natural beauty and biodiversity
enhancing and restoring habitats and historical features
improve opportunities for public access

A level Biology (25 decks)

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