4.2 biodiversity Flashcards
define biodiversity
measure of variation in the living world
describe habitat biodiversity
range of habitats in which different species live in
describe species biodiversity
range of organisms found in a habitat
define species evenness
the degree to which species are represented
define species richness
number of species in a habitat
describe genetic biodiversity
variation between individuals belonging to the same species
what are the non-random types of sampling
opportunistic
systematic
stratifies
describe random sampling
where samples sites inside a habitat are randomly sampled
what are the advantages and disadvantages of random sampling
+ ensures data isnt biased
-may not cover all areas and lead to underestimate of biodiversity
describe opportunistic sampling
sampling made based on prior knowledge
what are the pros and cons of opportunistic sampling
+quicker and easier than random sampling
-data may be biased
-may lead to an overestimate of biodiversity
describe stratifies sampling
dividing habitat into areas which seem different
what are the pros and cons of stratified sampling
+ ensures all different areas of a habitat are sampled
-possibility of over-representation
describe systematic sampling
when samples are taken at fixed intervals e.g. with a belt transect
What are the pros and cons of systematic sampling
+useful when habitat shows gradient e.g. going away from a pond
-only species on the line are counter and others may be missed leading to an underestimate
What are some ways plants can be sampled
random quadrats
transect
What are some ways to sample animals
sweep net
pitfall trap = hole in ground
tullgren funnel = light trap used to catch flying insects into preserving liquid
longworth trap = used to catch small mammals
what is capture recapture
used to calculate size of populations
How do you calculate organism populations using capture recapture
capture1 * number of captures2 / number of recaptures
What affects biodiversity
human population growth
agriculture
climate change
define monoculture
crop consisting of a strain of one species
define keystone species
one that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance
define soil depletion
loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals or continuous cropping
What are some reasons for maintaining biodiversity
ecological -interdependence of organisms and genetic resource
economic
aesthetic
what is CITES
the convention on international trade in endangered species
how many species were deemed at risk from international trade
25000
what are the aims of CITES
regulate and monitor international trade
ensure that international trade doesnt endanger survival of populations in the wild
ensure that trade of wild plants for commercial use is prohibited
ensure that trade for artificially propogated plants is allowed
What is standard deviation used to measure?
measures amount of variation or spread from the mean
What is the use of the students T-test
used to compare two means
What is a null hypothesis
there is no significant correlation between the data
What is the use of the correlation coefficient
used to consider relationships between means
what does it mean when your answer is below the degree of freedom
It means that you accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant correlation between the data or means
What is conservation ex situ
conservation outside the normal habitat of the species
What is conservation in situ
active management to maintain biodiversity in the natural environment
What is the use of the simpsons index
measure of biodiversity in a habitat and a high value indicates a high biodiversity
what are some examples of in situ conservation
establishing protected areas such as national parks
controlling or preventing introduction of species
habitat protection
protecting food sources or nesting sites
What are some examples of ex situ conservation
relocating an organism to a safer area e.g. white rhinos from congo to kenya
breeding in captivity and reintroducing them to the wild
botanic gardens
seed banks - freezing seeds and storing them in seed banks
what are some advantages and disadvantages of in situ conservation
+ both species and habitat tend to be conserved
+less disruptive
-difficult to control factors threatening a species such as poachers and climate change
what are some advantages and disadvantages of ex situ conservation
+can be used to protect individual animals in a controlled environment so poaching can be managed
-only a small number of individuals can be cared for
-difficult and expensive to create and sustain that environment
-less successful
-many species can’t bread successfully
-many dont adapt to their new environments
what are the advantages of botanic gardens
seeds can be stored and germinated in protected areas
stored in huge numbers without occupying too much space
plants can often be bred asexually
prolong their life as they are in their dormant life stage
What are the disadvantages of botanic gardens
collecting wild seeds will always cause disturbance
may not have representative level of genetic variation
seeds from different areas may be genetically different and may not succeed in those areas
what is a seed bank
how may seed banks be used collection of seed samples which can stay viable for decades
what are the uses of seed banks
provide seeds for food crops and disease resistant crops for agriculture
How are seeds stored
dry or freezing conditions
describe the aims of the rio convention on biological diversity
conservation of biological diversity and sustainable uses of its components
appropriate access to genetic resources and scientific knowledge
fair sharing of benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources
What does international cooperation involve
sharing of research, genetic information and new technology
usually ex situ conservation
What does the EIA consider before a development
Biodiversity in the area
the size of the development
the damage caused by the development
the sustainable management of the development
give an example of a local conservation scheme
countryside stewardship scheme
describe the countryside stewardship scheme
applied to land that was not considered to be in an environmentally sensitive area and provides funding to farmers and other land managers in england to deliver effective environmental management on their land
aims of improving natural beauty and biodiversity
enhancing and restoring habitats and historical features
improve opportunities for public access
