4.3 A

Question 1

What is the rock type like on a concordant coastline?

Answer 1

The concordant coastline have the same rock type

Question 2

What type of rocks are on a discordant coastline?

Answer 2

They have different layers of rocks (limestone,clay chalk)

Question 3

What are Fault and joints ?

Answer 3

Joints- theres a small cracks found in rocks, then air gets into it during when hydraulic action happens and when water hits it the pressure increases and it expand

Faults - when the tectonic plates have moved

Question 4

What are soft and hard rocks?

Answer 4

Hard rocks - are rocks like limestone and chalk. The headlands is an example of hard rock

Soft rock - Rocks that erodes easily e.g clay and sand. Bays have soft rocks.

Question 5

Describe what are the characteristics of headlands and bays?

Answer 5

Headlands do not get eroded faster than the bay because its a hard rock

Bays are a soft rock which gets eroded faster

Question 6

How are wave cut platforms formed?

Answer 6

Firstly, The wave erodes between the low and high tide mark over many years. Secondly, this will create Wave cut notch at the base weakening the cliff and create the overhang. Fourthly, the overhang collapses from its own weight and creates a wave cut platform. Fifthly,
this process will repeat.

Question 7

How are arch, stumps and stacks formed?

Answer 7

Firstly,In the headlands there is a crack and the waves will attack the cracks in the rock secondly the crack will get bigger and a cave will form. Thirdly, it will keep on getting bigger and bigger and it will form an arch. Fourthly, further erosion will make it fall and will leave behind the stack and further erosion and weathering will cause the top of the rock to fall off which will create a stack and then it will create a stump when all all of it but a third has been fallen

Question 8

Three factors that effect wave energy

Answer 8

Prevailing wind, winter conditions and fetch (distance)

Question 9

Where does the uk have the biggest waves and why?

Answer 9

Biggest waves from the uk comes from the south west coast because the predominant wind comes from the south west

Question 10

Characteristics of destructive waves

Answer 10

Destructive means to destroy and it has a bigger swash than backswash.

Question 11

How is a beach formed?

Answer 11

Firstly waves attack headlands and some sediments (rocks and sand) gets eroded by the waves. Secondly the predominant wave will make the long shore drift move the sediments to the beach and the wave is called constructive wave (to build). Thirdly, larger rocks will be transported first and then smaller rocks.

Question 12

Biological weathering.

Answer 12

When plants are grown in small cracks of rock causing pressure because of the roots of the plant and eventually fall off.

Question 13

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 13

Its when the power of the wave hits cracks in the rocks and eventually water will get inside making the crack bigger and bigger.

Question 14

What is attrition?

Answer 14

When rocks are held in the waves hitting each other making it smoother and smaller

Question 15

What is solution?

Answer 15

When the water gets slightly acidic and dissolves rocks like limestone/chalk. (Caused by vegetation)

Question 16

What is abration?

Answer 16

When rocks are picked up by waves and thrown against the cliff or rubbed, making the rock wear away and eventually removed .

Question 17

How are headlands and bays formed?

Answer 17

1)sea/waves attack a part of the coast. 2) the part of the coast the sea attacks will be a soft rock. 3) sand and chalks are eroded. 4) lastly it leaves the headlands.

Question 18

How does long shore drift work?

Answer 18

These are waves that hit the beach, it carries sediments and moves along in a zig zag pattern. Swash,is when it hits the beach and backwash is when the water drives back into the sea.

Question 19

Compare biological,freeze thaw,chemical weathering.

Answer 19

1)Biological os caused by plants growing in the crack 2) freeze thaw is caused when ice gets into crack and expands 3) chemical weathering when acidic rain falls caused by carbon dioxide causing rocks to fall off.

Question 20

How is a spit formed?

Answer 20

Spits are formed when prevailing wind turn at an angle which makes long shore drift moves sediments at the same angle as prevailing wind. This creates an “extended stretch”of beach material.

Question 21

Describe the characteristics of a spit

Answer 21

1) very long 2) extended part on the coastline 3) spare land

Question 22

Compare the characteristics of a spit to a bar.

Answer 22

1) Spits are a long extended stretch on the coast caused by prevailing wind 2) bars are a circle in the headlands and bay when the spit reaches across the bay .

Question 23

What are the characteristics of a wave cut platform?

Answer 23

1) solid, big base 2) rocks collapsed which formed base 3) in a bit of a right angled shape(L shape).

Question 24

Characteristics of arch/stacks/stumps.

Answer 24

Arch - almost like a bridge but has an semicircle shape caused by erosion. Stack - long, tall bit of rock caused when arches collapse stump - when the tall rock get eroded it goes smaller into just a bit rock.

Question 25

Whats the between traction,saltation, suspension, solution?

Answer 25

Traction = large rock/boulders roll along the river bed

Saltation = small atones and pebbles are bouncing along the river bed

Solution = when minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in the solution

Suspension = light material carried along in the water.

Question 26

Formation of a spit.

Answer 26

When prevailing moves at a different angle and longshore drift builds up sediments on the side the prevailing wind is blowing. ( its a long stretch on the coastline)

Question 27

How does rockfall break down a cliff?

Answer 27

Rocks fragments fall from the face of the cliff because of gravity.

Question 28

How does rotational slumping mass movement break down a cliff?

Answer 28

1) Sand is permeable so it lets water to pass through
2) rain will fall and accumulates at the boundary between sand and clay which lubricates the boundary
3) the sand will become saturated and everything will fall dramatically.
4) the movement is in a rotational slump and leaves a stepped boundary.