4.2.3: Organic synthesis

Question 1

How can a solid metal and solid salt such as Titanium and Sodium Chloride be separated

Answer 1

Dissolve in water and filter as NaCl dissolves and titanium does not

Question 2

What reagent is needed to go from alcohol to (bromo)haloalkane ?

Answer 2

NaBr + H2SO4

Question 3

What reagents are needed to go from a haloalkane to a amine ?

Answer 3

NH3 and ethanol

Question 4

How is the hydrolysis of a haloalkane carried out ?

Answer 4

Reflux equipment

Question 5

Give the apparatus needed for reflux

Answer 5

• Round bottomed flask
• Water bath so flammable organic liquid isn’t directly exposed to naked flame
• Heat source
• Vertical condenser yo ensure all organic vapours condense down into reaction flask
• Water in at bottom and out at top to ensure efficient cooling of vapours and so bubbles can’t form

Question 6

What is reflux equipment used for ?

Answer 6

Heating volatile liquids

Question 7

Give the apparatus needed for distillation

Answer 7

• Clamp stand
• Heat
• Water bath
• Quick fit apparatus
• Consenser
• Water in at bottom and out at top to ensure efficient cooling of vapours and so bubbles can’t form
• Receiver adapter
• Still head
• Thermometer ( bulb placed next to receiver adapter to record b.p.t of organic vapour before it condenses)

Question 8

What is distillation apparatus used for?

Answer 8

Separating substances with different boiling points

Question 9

Give the steps to prepare and purify an organic liquid

Answer 9

• Add reaction mixture to separating funnel
• Drain off lower aqueas layer into conical flask
• Add anhydrous (MgSO4 (s) OR CaCl2 (s) as a drying agent to remove water
• Invert flask
• Filter solid drying agent
• Redistill

Question 10

What can you add to remove an HCl impurity from an organic compound ?

Answer 10

Na2CO3 and shake to neutralise HCl