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Biology Year 1 > 4.2.2- Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2- Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what is classification?

A

the process of identifying and putting species into groups.

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2
Q

why is classification used?

A
  • to organise knowledge of life
  • to avoid confusion
  • to help study evolutionary relationships
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3
Q

what is used as the practise of biological classification?

A

the taxonomic hierarchy

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4
Q

what is the order of the taxonomic hierarchy?

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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5
Q

how are organism grouped into the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

used to organise and group similar organisms together so that they are easier to understand

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6
Q

how do you work out the binomial name of a species?

A

genus name + species name.

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7
Q

what is the name of taxonamy?

A

the science involved with classifying groups, based on shared characteristics.

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8
Q

why do biologists classify organisms?

A
  • species identification (identifying members of species based on shared characteristics)
  • predict characteristics (looking at shared group characteristics to predict the characteristics of species as a whole)
  • evolutionary links (members of same species will have similar characteristics that can be traced to a common ancestor.
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9
Q

why are binomials useful for scientists?

A

they allow for species to be universally identified

-the binomial for a species is the same across the entire glob

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10
Q

what is binomial?

A

the scientific name for a species?

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11
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  • prokaryotae (bacteria)
  • protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
  • funghi
  • plantae (plants)
  • animalia (animals)
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12
Q

what are key features of prokaryotae?

A
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus, ring of ‘naked’ DNA + ribosomes
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • no visible feeding mechanism, nutrients absorbed through cell wall/produced through photosynthesis.
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13
Q

what are 3 examples of prokaryotae?

A
  • escherichia coli
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • bacillus anthracis
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14
Q

what the key features of protoctista?

A
  • mainly unicellular
  • nucleus + membrane bound organelles
  • no cellulose cell wall
  • some have chloroplasts
  • sissile (don’t move), while others move by cilia, etc
  • autotrophic feeders, nutrients from photosynthesis
  • heterotrophic feeders, or parasitic= both
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15
Q

what are 2 examples of protoctista?

A
  • amoeba

- paramecium

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16
Q

what are the key features fungi?

A
  • unicellular/multicellular
  • nucleus + membrane-bound organelles
  • chitin cell wall
  • no chloroplasts/chlorophyll
  • body/mycelium of threads/hyphae
  • saprophytic feeders, nutrients from absorption
  • store food as glycogen
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17
Q

what are 2 examples of fungi?

A
  • mushrooms

- yeast

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18
Q

what are the key features of plantae?

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus + membrane-bound organelles, chloroplasts
  • cellulose cell wall
  • chlorophyll
  • do not move= sessile
  • autotrophic, nutrients from photosynthesis
  • store food as starch
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19
Q

what are 2 examples of plantae?

A
  • trees

- grasses

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20
Q

what are the key features of animalia?

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus + membrane-bound organlles, no cell wall
  • motile, move with aid of cilia, flagella, contractile proteins
  • heterotrophic, nutrients from ingestion
  • food stored as glycogen
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21
Q

what are 2 examples of animalia?

A
  • mammals (eg-cats)

- reptiles (eg-snakes)

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22
Q

what has lead to classification changing/new classification systems?

A
  • development of tech
  • increased knowledge of genetics/biological molecules
  • scientists now use observable features, genetics and evolutionary relationships to classify
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23
Q

what did the 5 kingdoms develop into?

A

3 domains + 6 kingdoms

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24
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A
  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukarya
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25
Q

what are the key features of eukarya?

A
  • organised chromosomes, proteins around nucleus
  • RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
  • 80s ribosomes
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26
Q

what are the key features of bacteria?

A
  • 1 chromosome
  • 70s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
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27
Q

what are the key features of archaea?

A
  • 1 chromosome
  • 70s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains between 8-10 proteins
28
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree?

A

a diagram that depicts lines of evolutionary descent from a common ancestor.

29
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

the evolutionary relationships between organisms, revealing what group a particular organism is related to, and how closely related they are

30
Q

how are phylogenetic trees produced?

A

by looking at the similarities/differences in species’ physical characteristics and genetic makeup.

31
Q

what are the 2 advantages to phylogenetics?

A
  • confirms if classification groups are correct, or what caused them to change.
  • produced a continuous tree
32
Q

what are the differences between phylogeny and classification?

A
  • P= continuous tree. C= taxonomical groups

- C= can be misleading as it implies that different groups within the same rank are equivalent.

33
Q

what is the definition of evolution?

A

the way in which species have changed/evolved over time, through natural selection

34
Q

who were the two scientists who contributed to the theory of evolution?

A
  • Darwin

- Wallace

35
Q

what were the observations created by Darwin?

A
  • all organisms produce more offspring than could ever actually survive
  • populations of organisms do fluctuate (change over time) but not significantly.
  • populations of the same species of organisms show variation in characteristics between individuals
  • offspring inherit characteristics from their parents
36
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for evolution?

A

1- palaeontological (fossils)
2-comparative anatomy
3- comparative biochemistry

37
Q

describe palaeontological (fossil evidence)?

A
  • provided through fossil record
  • oldest rocks contain fossils of simplest organisms, recent rocks contain fossils of more complex organisms
  • this supports idea that simple life evolved over time into more complex ones
  • plant fossils appear before animal fossils, supports, as animals require plants to survive
  • similarities in anatomy of fossilised organisms/current organisms show that they have evolved from same ancestor
  • allows links between existing/extinct species to be investigated.
38
Q

describe comparative anatomy?

A
  • studies similarities/differences in existing species
  • uses homologous structures to compare between species
  • features on surface look different, but underneath have same structure
  • homologous structures suggest that each species has evolved from a common ancestor, but has gained different adaptations dependent on their habitat (divergent evolution)
39
Q

describe comparative biochemistry?

A
  • studies similarities/differences in proteins/other molecules that control life processes
  • some important molecules are conserved amongst species, the same/have small differences across unrelated species
  • studied= cytochrome c (for respiration) + ribosomal RNA
  • identify when changes occur and the evolutionary links associated with the changes.
40
Q

what are the two types of variation?

A
  • intraspecific

- interspecific

41
Q

what is variation?

A

the differences that exist between two or more organisms

42
Q

what is interspecific variation?

A

the variation between species

43
Q

what is intraspecific variation?

A

the variation within a species

44
Q

what is discontinuous variation?

A

a characteristic within a species that can only result in certain values,cannot be measured over a range
eg-bacterial shapes

45
Q

what is continuous variation?

A

a characteristic within a species that can take any value within a range, controlled by multiple genes

46
Q

how is discontinuous variation shown?

A
  • qualitative differences in phenotype
  • distinct categories exist
  • represented by bar charts
47
Q

how is continuous variation shown?

A
  • quantitative differences in phenotypes
  • no distinct classes/categories exist
  • collated on frequency tables and plotted on histogram, with a distribution curve
  • normal distribution= bell-shaped
48
Q

what are the two causes of variation?

A
  • genetic factors

- environmental factors

49
Q

describe the environmental causes of variation?

A

-global environments have different conditions (eg- sunlight, availability of water, etc)
-factors affect how organisms grow/develop
-variation caused by the environment cannot be inherited by offspring
-example= eating too much with little exercise= weight gain
-

50
Q

describe the genetic causes of variation?

A
  • different genes have different effects on phenotype, plus different alleles have a large effect on the phenotype
  • diploid organisms= inherit 2 alleles of each gene, either the same or different
  • example of dv= attached ear/unattached ear
  • different alleles have a small effect on phenotype, add together to have additive effect
51
Q

what is a student’s T-test?

A

a test used to compare means of data values of two populations

52
Q

what are the 3 adaptations of organisms to the environment?

A
  • anatomical (physical features)
  • physiological (processes inside)
  • behavioural (way organism acts)
53
Q

describe anatomical adaptations?

A

-development of body structures that enhance the survival of organism in the environment it lives in.

54
Q

what is an example of anatomical adaptations?

A

different structures of beaks in birds due to the type of food eaten

55
Q

describe physiological adaptations?

A

-ensures the correct functioning of biochemical/physiological processes in the organism in order for it to survive in it’s environment

56
Q

what is an example of physiological adaptations?

A

camels have long loops of Henle in kidneys to conserve more water

57
Q

describe behavioural adaptations?

A
  • helps organism to survive in it’s environment
  • happens more quickly than other adaptations, more intelligent an animal, faster it learns to make behavioural changes in order to survive
58
Q

what is an example of a behavioural adaptation?

A

a possum will play dead in order to escape from a predator attack

59
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

any variation/characteristic that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in the environment it lives in.

60
Q

what can organisms that are well adapted to lived area do?

A
  • survive/reproduce successfully
  • pass on adaptations to offspring
  • defend themselves from predators/disease
  • survive physical conditions + fluctuations in environment
  • respond to changes in the environment
  • produce offspring that are more likely to survive to reproduce.
61
Q

what are the 5 steps involved in the process of natural selection?

A 
1- competition for survival
2-variation by random mutations in DNA
3- survival of the fittest
4- inheritance of beneficial allele
5-environmental change
62
Q

what are selection pressures

A

factors that affect the organisms chance of survival/reproductive success
-those best adapted to their environment are most likely to survive

63
Q

the best adapted species pass down what to their offspring?

A

the advantageous allele/characteristic

64
Q

what are the 5 steps that follow natural selection?

A

1-organisms show genetic variation and show characteristic variation
2-these organisms have a better chance at survival, survival of the fittest
3-successful organisms pass on the advantageous characteristics to their offspring
4-process repeated, so the proportion of advantageous characteristics increases, frequency of allele increases in gene pool
5- evolution of new species

65
Q

what is an example of an insect evolving to be resistant to pesticide?

A

sheep blowflies, who lay their eggs in faecal matter around a sheep’s tail, which hatch and cause sores

66
Q

explain the evolution of the sheep blowflies?

A
  • 1950s= diazinon pesticide used to kill flies, prevented condition occurring
  • pre-adaptation to another chemical used in pesticides developed into pesticide resistance quickly, being passed on to their offspring
67
Q

explain anti-biotic bacteria/drug resistance?

A
  • MRSA
  • mutation in some S. aureus occurred when bacteria replicated, which provided resistance to methicillin
  • when bacteria was exposed to antibiotic, the resistant individuals survived and reproduced, which passed the allele to the offspring
  • number of resistant over time increased

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