Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Year 1 > 3.1.2- Transport in Animals > Flashcards

3.1.2- Transport in Animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four types of circulatory systems?+

A
  • open
  • closed
  • single
  • double
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what type of circulatory system do insects, fish and mammals have?

A
  • insects= open circuit
  • fish= closed, single circuit
  • mammals= closed, double circuit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do all mass transport/circulatory systems have?

A
  • fluid/medium to carry nutrients and oxygen
  • tubes/vessels to carry transport medium
  • pumping mechanism to create pressure to move/push fluid around the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the function of ARTERIES?

A

= to send blood from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of VEINS

A

=to send blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of CAPILLARIES?

A

= to exchange material with tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do arteries branch off into?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do veins branch off into?

A

venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the four layers that arteries and veins contain?

A
  • collagen fibres
  • smooth muscle
  • elastic fibres
  • lumen endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which vessel has the thickest wall?

A

= arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the structure of the artery include

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thick wall
  • large amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the elastic fibres in artery walls do?

A
  • enable the artery to withstand the force of the blood pumped out of the heart
  • stretch to take larger volumes of blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why do arteries have smooth muscle

A

it is smooth so that blood can easily flow over it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why do arterioles have more smooth muscle and less elastic fibres compared to arteries?

A
  • little pulse surge

- muscles can constrict/dilateto control blood flow into organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is VASCOCONSTRICTION

A

when the smooth muscle in the arteriole contracts, it constricts the vessel, which then prevents blood flow into the capillary bed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is VASODILATION?

A

when the smooth muscle relaxes, blood flows through the capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the components of veins?

A
  • wide lumen
  • thin wall
  • small amount of muscle + elastic fibres
  • valves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which vessel has high pressure?

A

artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which vessels have low pressure?

A

veins + capillary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how are capillaries structured for their role?

A
  • large surface area for diffusion in/out of blood.
  • total cross sectional area is greater than the arteriole supplying them, rate of blood flow falls
  • walls are one endothelial cell thick, thin layer for diffusion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why do veins contain valves?

A

to prevent the backflow of blood.

valves close when blood tries to flow backwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how much of a human’s blood volume is in the veins at one time?

A

up to 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when does blood move along veins?

A

when skeletal muscles contract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the order of flow of blood?

A

artery–> arterioles–> capillaries–> venules–> veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the four components of the blood?

A
  • erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • platelets
  • leucocytes (white blood cells)
  • plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the blood plasma contain?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • mineral ions
  • hormones
  • carbon dioxide
  • oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

a liquid that contains oxygen and nutrients, supplying tissues with essential solutes in exchange for waste products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the amount of liquid that leaks from the capillary to form tissue fluid depends on what?

A
  • relative hydrostatic pressure

- oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure ?

A

the surge of blood that occurs every time the heart contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is oncotic pressure?

A

the tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how is tissue fluid formed?

A

when the hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure, water is attracted in to the capillary, so fluid is squeezed out
this fluid fills the spaces between cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do you work out filtration pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure - oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how does tissue fluid become lymph?

A

tissue fluid drains into lymphatic vessel through the one way valves, becoming lymph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is lymph?

A

the large molecules that cannot pass through the capillary wall (and can’t become tissue fluid or drain into the blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are lymph capillaries like?

A
  • closed ends
  • large pores, allowing large molecules to pass through
  • separate from the circulatory system
  • liquid moves along them by compression caused by body movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where does lymph reenter the blood stream?

A

through veins near the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the composition of blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the composition of tissue fluid?

A

O2 , CO2 , sugars, salts, amino acids, hormones, coezymes & white blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the composition of lymph?

A

carbon dioxide, proteins, glucose and white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how many chambers does the mammalian heart contain, and what are they called?

A

4 chambers

  • right and left atrium
  • right and left ventricle
41
Q

what are the key features of the external structure of the heart?

A
  • off centre in left of chest cavity

- coronary arteries lay over surface

42
Q

what causes angina or heart attacks?

A

if the arteries on the surface of the heart, become restricted, so the heart muscle reduce delivery.

43
Q

what are some details of the internal structure of the heart

A
  • 4 chambers
  • vena cava
  • pulmonary vein
  • aorta
  • pulmonary artery
44
Q

what are the names of the different valves in the heart?

A
  • tricuspid valve + bicuspid valve
  • mitral valve
  • pulmonary/semi-lunar valve
  • aortic valve
45
Q

how do you work out heart rate of the cardiac cycle?

A

heart rate = 60 / cycle time(s)

46
Q

how many stages of the cardiac cycle are there, and what are they called?

A

there are 3 stages

  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
47
Q

what is systole?

A

when the heart contracts

48
Q

what is diastole?

A

when the heart relaxes

49
Q

what happens during atrial systole?

A

-atria contracts, which forces small amounts of blood into the relaxed ventricles

50
Q

what happens during ventricular systole?

A
  • ventricular contraction
  • AV valve closes
  • blood is forced out of pulmonary artery and aorta.
  • rise in ventricular pressure, semilunar valves open
51
Q

what happens during diastole?

A
  • ventricles relax, so pressure drops and blood flows back against cusps of sl valves, so they close
  • blood flows into relaxed atria and ventricles
  • as all chambers are relaxed, the ventricles fill passively.
52
Q

when do the ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES and SEMILUNAR VALVES open?

A 
AV= diastole 
SL= systole
53
Q

when do the ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES and SEMILUNAR VALVES close?

A 
AV= systole
SL= diastole
54
Q

what is the definition of the cardiac cycle?

A

the sequence of events that make up on single heartbeat.

55
Q

what are the role of valves in the cardiac cycle?

A

to stop backflow of blood

56
Q

what are the pressure changes during the cardiac cycle?

A 
systole= contraction so pressure rises
diastole= relaxation, so pressure decreases
57
Q

how do you work out cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

58
Q

what is the functions of blood?

A

the transport of

  • co2 and o2
  • digested food from small intestines
  • nitrogenous waste
  • chemical messages
  • platelets to damaged areas
  • cells/antibodies in immune response
59
Q

what part of the blood carries oxygen?

A

red blood cells

60
Q

when does oxygen enter the body?

A

during respiration

61
Q

how does oxygen get to the red blood cell from the plasma in the capillaries?

A

oxygen diffuses across the plasma membrane of the red blood cells into the cytoplasm

62
Q

what does oxygen bind with in the rbc and what does this form?

A

oxygen bind with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

63
Q

whats the equation for the oxygen binding with haemoglobin?

A

Hb + 4O2 —> Hb (O2) 4

64
Q

what type of protein is Hb?

A

= a large, globular protein, with 4 peptide chains (each with an iron-containing haem prosthetic group.

65
Q

how many subunits does Hb have?

A

4

66
Q

how many oxygens can each Hb bind to?

A

4

67
Q

what does each subunit in Hb consists of?

A

a polypeptide chain and a haemoglobin (non-protein) group.

-haem group contains single iron atoms

68
Q

what does the iron atom in the haem group do?

A

attracts and holds oxygen molecule, meaning the group has an affinity for oxygen

69
Q

what does the Hb’s ability to take up + release oxygen depend on?

A

the amount of oxygen in the surrounding tissue

70
Q

what is the partial pressure of oxygen / oxygen tension?

A

the pressure that oxygen contributes to a mixture of gases

71
Q

if the amount of oxygen is great, what is partial pressure like?

A

also great

72
Q

what are the axis on the oxygen dissociation graph

A
  • percentage saturation of Hb

- partial pressure of oxygen

73
Q

what is the shape of the line on this OD graph?

A

an S shape

74
Q

what is the conformal change?

A

the adjustments of a proteins tertiary structure in response to external factors.

75
Q

what is positive cooperativity?

A

the effect of the substrate being able to bind to a second subunit

76
Q

what is PC seen as on the curve on the graph?

A

when the curve rises steeply

77
Q

what does a small change in partial pressure cause, to do with oxygen?

A

a large change in the amount of oxygen that haemoglobin carries.

78
Q

why is it difficult to achieve 100% saturation of Hb molecules?

A

it is difficult for the fourth oxygen molecule to diffuse in and associate, due to the other 3 oxygens.

79
Q

when does Hb have increased oxygen affinity?

A

when more oxygen molecules bind to it.

80
Q

what is foetal Hb?

A

a slightly different protein, with a higher affinity to oxygen.

81
Q

what does a higher affinity mean?

A

there is higher partial pressure of oxygen to saturate 50% of Hb.

82
Q

why does foetal Hb have a higher affinity?

A

if affinity was the same as mothers, then little/no oxygen would transfer, as they get their oxygen via the mother’s blood via the placenta.

83
Q

what is the BOHR EFFECT?

A

the change when the partial pressure of CO2 rises, so the Hb gives up oxygen more easily.
the increase in CO2 conc causes a shift in the O2 dissociation curve

84
Q

what happens to the line on the graph due to the BOHR EFFECT?

A

line moves up or down from orginal

85
Q

why is the bohr effect IMPORTANT?

A
  • active respiring tissue have a high PPCO2, so haemoglobin gives up O2 more easily
  • in lungs, CO2 is low, so oxygen binds easily.
86
Q

if the BOHR EFFECT leads to the curve being above the normal line, what does this mean?

A

low CO2, high ph

87
Q

if the BOHR EFFECT leads to the curve being below the normal line, what does this mean?

A

high CO2, low ph

88
Q

what are the 3 ways in which carbon dioxide is transported?

A
  • in aqueous solution in the blood plasma.
  • in combination with haemoglobin.
  • in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions.
89
Q

what enzyme is present within red blood cells?

A

carbonic anhydrase

90
Q

what does the reaction of carbon dioxide and water create in the red blood cell?

A

CARBONIC ACID

H2CO3

91
Q

what does the dissociation reaction of carbonic acid create?

A

hydrogen ions + hydrogencarbonate ions

H+) ( HCO3+

92
Q

when the hydrogen ions form with Hb, what does this form/do?

A
  • forms haemoglobic acid (HHb)

- this then releases the oxygen it is carrying

93
Q

why does Hb act as a buffer?

A
  • it ‘mops up’ H+
  • if H+ was left in blood, then blood would become very acidic
  • this means that it remains at around 7.4 pH
94
Q

what does the reaction that produces hydrogen cause?

A

a decrease in the pH.

95
Q

how much CO2 is carried in the plasma

A

about 5% (dissolved)

96
Q

how much CO2 combines with amino groups to form carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

10-20%

97
Q

how much CO2 converts into hydrogen carbonate ions in RBC?

A

75-85%

98
Q

what is CHLORIDE SHIFT?

A

when the electrical balance of the cell is maintained due to hydrogen carbonate ions moving out of the RBC and chloride ions moving into it.

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions