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Biology Year 1 > 2.1.1- Cell Structure + Microscopy > Flashcards

2.1.1- Cell Structure + Microscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 main microscopes used in biology?

A
  • light microscope
  • transmission electron microscope
  • scanning electron microscope
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2
Q

what is a light microscope?

A

a microscope that uses light to produce an image.

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3
Q

what is a transmission electron microscope?

A

a microscope where a beam of electrons are transmitted through a specimen, producing a 2D image of the surface of the specimen.

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4
Q

what is a scanning electron microscope?

A

a microscope where a beam of electrons are sent across the surface of a specimen, producing a 3D image.

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5
Q

what is a laser scanning confocal microscope?

A

when a stained (with fluorescent dye) specimen is hit with a laser that filters through, producing an image.

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6
Q

compare the light microscope + T + S electron microscope?

A
  • wavelength= L= 400nm, E=0.4nm
  • resolution= L= 200nm, T=0.2nm, S= 3-10nm
  • magnifaction= L=1500x T= 500,000x, S=100,000x
  • image= L=natural colour, E=black+white (enhanced)
  • specimen= L=living/non-living, E=non,living, stain/vacuum kill it
  • easy? L= yes easy E=no, difficult due to preparation
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7
Q

what staining is used for light microscopes?

A

coloured chemicals/fluorescent dyes

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8
Q

what staining is used for electron microscope?

A

salts of heavy metal ions/particles

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9
Q

why is staining used? 2 reasons?

A
  • enhance visualisation

- to differentiate structures + living/dead cells

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10
Q

what is magnification?

A

the number of times larger an image is compared to the object itself.

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11
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between objects very close together.

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12
Q

what is the equation of magnification?

A

image size / actual size

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13
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell that contains a membrane and a membrane-bound nucleus.

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14
Q

what is a cytoskeleton?

A

a network of protein fibres in cell cytoplasm

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15
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • to give structure + shape
  • to move organelles around inside
  • to enable movement
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16
Q

what is the function and key notes on the NUCLEUS?

A 
function= controls activities of cell, stores + protects DNA
notes= double membrane/nuclear envelope, with pores
17
Q

what is the function and key notes of the NUCLEOLUS?

A

function= site of ribosome assembly

key notes= composed of RNA + protein, is the inner region of the nucleus

18
Q

what is the function and key notes of the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM?

A

function= lipid + carbohydrate synthesis/storage

key notes= made up of a network of membranes that are bare

19
Q

what is the function and key notes of the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM?

A

function= synthesis/transport of proteins between organelles

key notes= a membrane network, studded with ribosomes

20
Q

what is the function and key notes of the GOLGI APPARATUS?

A

function= involved in sorting, storing, modification + export of secretory products
key notes= assembly of vesicles, folded membranes near cell membranes

21
Q

what is the function and key notes of the RIBOSOMES?

A

function= makes proteins for amino acids

key notes= no membrane, made of RNA/protein, found on RER or free

22
Q

what is the function and key notes of the MITOCHONDRION?

A

function= aerobic respiration

key notes= double membrane, inner membrane, folded into internal cristae

23
Q

what is the function and key notes of the LYSOSOMES/VESICLES?

A

function= break down waste material

key notes= membrane sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes, important role in immune system+cell death

24
Q

what is the function and key notes of the CHLOROPLASTS?

A

function= photosynthesis

key notes= found in green part of plant, double membrane, internal stacks of membranous discs.

25
Q

what is the function and key notes of the CELL MEMBRANE+WALL

A 
function of CW= provides strength/protection against mechanical stress
function of CM= keep toxic substances out, only allow specific molecules in, protect/organise cell
26
Q

what is the function and key notes of the CENTRIOLE?

A

function= involved in cell division + positioning of structures
key notes= hollow cylinders containing ring of microtubules

27
Q

what is the function and key notes of the FLAGELLA?

A

function= moves cells

key notes= hairlike cylinders, on surface of cells

28
Q

what is the function and key notes of the CILIA?

A

function= moves liquids across surface

key notes= hairlike cylinders, cells contain a large number

29
Q

what is the function and key notes of the PLANT VACUOLE?

A

function= store water/solutes, supports plants

key notes= large sac, bound in single membrane, cell can become turgid

30
Q

what is protein secretion?

A

the method used by organisms to actively move protein molecules manufactured within a cell to the space outside of the cell.

31
Q

what is an example of protein secretion?

A

cell in pancreas making insulin

32
Q

what is the first step of secretion?

A

1- NUCLEUS

  • mRNA copy of instructions for protein hormone is made
  • mRNA leaves through the nuclear pore
33
Q

what is the second step of secretion?

A

2- RER/RIBOSOME

  • mRNA attaches to ribosome, reads instructions to assemble
  • protein molecules ‘pinched off’ in vesicle towards gologi
34
Q

what is the third step in secretion?

A

3-GOLGI

  • vesicle fuses to golgi, where protein is processed/packaged for release
  • packaged protein in vesicle transported to cell membrane
35
Q

what is the fourth step in secretion?

A

4-CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE

-vesicle fuses, opens to release protein outside of cell

36
Q

what are the 3 similarities between eukaryotic cells + prokaryotic cells?

A
  • both contain ribosomes
  • have a cell wall (plant)
  • living cells
37
Q

what are the 3 differences between eukaryotic cells + prokaryotic cells?

A

E=nucleus, P=no true nucleus, DNA carried in single chromosome
E=membrane bound, P=no membrane
size, E is larger than P

38
Q

what are two examples of staining?

A
  • acid-fast technique

- gram stain technique.

39
Q

what are the steps involved with the gram stain technique?

A
  • apply crystal violet
  • apply iodine to fix dye
  • gram positive bacteria= blue/purple
  • gram negative bacteria= don’t take up violet, so safrarin must be added.

Biology Year 1 (12 decks)

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